Copyright: Copyright 1994, W. Scott Thoman


Contents
                    EarthSun 4.3 - November 1st, 1994

What is EarthSun?

Installing EarthSun	Sounds and Talking clock/calendar
Configuring EarthSun	Clock features
Changing the icon's title	Alarm features
Sun and Moon info window	EarthSun tricks!

Author Information	EarthSun and Screen Savers
Revision History	Troubleshooting
Other related programs	Acknowledgements
Do YOU have any new ideas?

Registering EarthSun	License Agreement


What is EarthSun?

     EarthSun is a shareware MicroSoft Windows 3.x program that displays the
current sunlit-side of the Earth in an icon.  You also have the option of showing
the Earth as seen from a point in space directly over where you live, so you can
watch the advancing and retreating shadow traverse the globe.

     You can specify the icon's title to display the current time and/or date
in many different formats, as well as changing the icon's background color
and rotation direction.  EarthSun even adjusts automatically for
daylight savings/summer time for users in the United States, the UK, and Europe.

     EarthSun can display an analog clock, complete with options such as
hand and face color, and hand size and shape.  If you need to be reminded of
important times and appointments, there is also an alarm feature where you
can set up to three different alarms.  Double-clicking on the icon displays the
very-informative Sun and Moon info screen that shows today's Sun and Moon
rise and set times, along with the current position of each body in the sky.
The current lunation cycle is also displayed here, showing the dates and times
of each lunar phase from one New Moon to the next.

     EarthSun can also be a talking clock/calendar if you have a sound card
installed in your computer.  This feature will "speak" the time and/or date whenever
you ask for it, "read" your alarm descriptions to you, and can also play .WAV files
at specified intervals if your computer supports sounds.  Finally, for international
and non-English speaking users, the icon title can be displayed in any one of many
supported languages.


Installing EarthSun

  Simply use the Program Manager to create a New Program Icon in the group of
your choice and set the Working Directory to the subdirectory where you installed
the rest of the program files.  You may place the files in the subdirectory of your choice,
but the software must be able to find it's EARTHSUN.INI file there.

  If it cannot find the .INI file, then the About box will be displayed each
and every time you start EarthSun.  See the Troubleshooting section for more information.

  I also recommend placing the Program Icon in the Startup group so it loads
every time you start Windows.

  If you don't already have the file BWCC.DLL, make sure you copy it to your
Windows system subdirectory and erase any other older copies of it.  This file must
be available for EarthSun to run.  See the file BWCC.TXT for more information.


Configuring EarthSun

  Before you can use EarthSun, you need to tell it where you live and how
to adjust for daylight savings time.  You can also select many different options
as well.  Select the following links for more information:

   Selecting the Language
   Viewing Perspective
   Setting your Time Zone
   Adjusting for Daylight Savings/Summer Time
   Animating the EarthSun icon
   Background/Text Colors/Hatch Styles
   "Always on top" feature
   "Preserve icon's screen position" feature

     Once you have set all the above options, you'll need to use the Your Location
dialog box to set your latitude, longitude and altitude so the Sun and Moon info
screen works correctly.

     You will also want to have a look at how you can change the icon's title.  If
you're interested in seeing other parts of the world while viewing your location,
the multiple instances section explains how to set up more than one
EarthSun icon at a time.


Your Location
Your Location dialog box

     The Your Location dialog box allows you to enter your location's longitude,
latitude, and altitude.  This is necessary for the Sun and Moon info screen to work correctly.
Type in your city's name in the City field, and enter your location in the Longitude,
Latitude, and Altitude fields.  Use the following links to see a table of
these values, and find your city or use one that's nearby:

USA - Alabama to Montana
USA - Nebraska to Wyoming
European Cities
Australian Cities
Other World Cities

     Note that all United States cities are located in the Northern and Western
hemispheres, and that the tables list the altitudes in meters instead of feet.

  If you are on the Internet and have TelNet access, there is a weather
server available that lists the latitude and longitude of most of the world's
cities.  It also displays a great deal of other information as well, and is an
interesting and recommended site for "'Net surfers".  The server is called
martini.eecs.umich.edu and the port number is 3000.  It's IP address is
141.212.196.79.

     Next, you may want to use the Horizon Obstruction Adjustment fields if you
have objects such as buildings or hills near your location.  These prevent a clear
view of the horizon and affect the exact time of Sun and Moon rise and set times.
Normally you enter a positive number, say 30 or 45 seconds, in these fields, but if
you are near the top of a very large hill and look down at either horizon, a
negative number may be used.

     The Adjust for atmospheric refraction check box is mainly for amateur
astronomers who need precise sky locations for the Sun and Moon.  Un-check this
box if you require more accurate altitude determinations, but most people should
just leave it checked on.

     The Twilight Times box of radio buttons determines how you wish to
calculate the beginning of morning and the end of evening twilight.  Since "dark" is
a rather arbitrary term, twilight is officially determined as the time at which the
center of the Sun is 18° below the horizon.  The difference between this time and
sunrise/sunset is then divided into 3 equal periods, with one period for each of
three different purposes.

     For most people, the default value of Civil should be used, since this is the
time at which it's too dark for most ordinary outdoor activities to continue without
artificial lighting.  Civil twilight is the time at which the center of the Sun is
6° below the horizon.

     Ocean-going vessels use the Nautical twilight time calculation to define
darkness.  When the Sun is 12° below the sea horizon, ship captains can no longer
distinguish the night sky from the surface of the water.

     It is still too light outside for taking photographs of the stars and planets at
this point, so Astronomical twilight is used for astro-photographers.  The Sun
must be 18° degrees below the horizon for the night sky to be totally dark and ready
for capturing the wonders of space on film.

     Finally, the 24-hour format check box in the Sun/Moon times area lets you
change the display of the time values on the Sun and Moon info screen.  Click this on
to show them in 24-hour (military) format, or leave it unchecked for 12-hour format.


Viewing Perspective

  EarthSun can display the icon in either of two ways: show the current
half of the Earth that is illuminated by the Sun, or show the Earth as seen from
a point in space directly above where you live.

     Normally, the icon "rotates" slowly throughout the day, always showing a
full view of the half of our planet that is currently facing the Sun.  Only one
half of the Earth is ever illuminated at any one time.  In the morning, you can
watch your location appear on the far left, or western, side of the icon.  At noon,
your location will be shown near the center.  Finally, at nightfall, the spot on
Earth where you live will rotate out of view of the Sun and will appear on the
far right, or eastern, side of the icon as the Sun sets in the West.

     Clicking the View from Darkness Perspective button, however, will show the
same icon of the Earth all day long.  Note how the other buttons in the box are
only active when this check box is on.  The icon now represents the view as seen
from space looking down on your location.  As the hours pass, you will see a
"shadow" advance over the icon.  This shadow represents the advancing and
retreating darkness that seems to move as the Earth spins.  In the morning, the edge
of the shadow will be on the left, or western, side of the globe.  At noon, the
shadow will be gone since the Sun is high in the midday sky.  During the afternoon,
the shadow will once again appear, but this time from the right, or eastern, side.
At sunset, the Earth will be half covered in sunlight and half covered in shadow,
with the terminator running down the center of the icon and directly over
your location.  The shadow deepens during the night until midnight when the entire
icon is in total darkness.  As dawn approaches, however, sunlight reappears on
the eastern side, heralding the start of a new day.

  For more interesting and educational information, see the tricks section for
suggested configurations of EarthSun.


Setting your Time Zone

  EarthSun must know the time zone in which you live to display the icon
properly.  The default is the Eastern Standard Time time zone, which is
valid for cities in the United States such as New York City, Boston and Miami.
If you live in another time zone, you must select it yourself.

  When you first run EarthSun, the program's About box appears.  Here you'll find
the list box Your Time Zone containing all of the world's time zones.  Simply
select the one in which you live.  For more adventurous users, see the tricks section
for information on how to use the Other View fields.

     If you live in an area that has a difference of 30 minutes from the surrounding
time zone, click the 30 min check box on and your time will be adjusted
appropriately.


Adjusting for Daylight Savings/Summer Time

  There is a list box if you want the Daylight Savings Time (Summer Time)
adjustment applied or not.  Simply select the region in which you live.  If you select
Manual, the daylight savings time adjustment will be applied regardless of
today's date.  This means you must change this list box selection twice a year
when the time changes.  You also need to select this option if your region is
not listed below.  Tables that list the daylight savings time start/stop
dates for the other regions follow below.  If you select one of these,
the daylight savings time adjustment will be applied or not-applied
automatically based on today's date.  All daylight savings time adjustments
subtract 1 hour from the current time.  Note that for some Australian cities,
especially those in the Central Time Zone, the start and end dates of Daylight
Savings Time are subject to change from year to year.

United States:
1994 - Start: April 3rd    End: October 30th
1995 - Start: April 2nd    End: October 29th
1996 - Start: April 7th    End: October 27th
1997 - Start: April 6th    End: October 26th

UK:
1994 - Start: March 27th   End: October 23rd
1995 - Start: March 26th   End: October 22nd
1996 - Start: March 24th   End: October 27th
1997 - Start: March 23rd   End: October 26th

Europe:
1994 - Start: March 27th   End: September 25th
1995 - Start: March 26th   End: September 24th
1996 - Start: March 24th   End: September 22nd
1997 - Start: March 23rd   End: September 28th

Australia:
1994 - Start: March 13th   End: October 30th
1995 - Start: March 12th   End: October 29th
1996 - Start: March 10th   End: October 27th
1997 - Start: March  9th   End: October 26th
1998 - Start: March  8th   End: October 25th

  If you live in one of these regions and the above dates are incorrect, OR
if you live in another region not listed above, please contact me with
the correct dates so I can update my software.


Animating the EarthSun icon

  You can also select an update interval for the EarthSun icon.  The default
is Real-Time, which shows the current sunlit side of the Earth.  Other
values are available to animate the icon, displaying a new icon once every update interval.
The values you may choose from are once every second, once every five seconds or
once every ten seconds.

     You can also have the icon rotate in the normal forward direction, or in
reverse.  Just click on the appropriate radio button.


Changing the icon's title

  You can change the title beneath the icon to whatever you like.  More
importantly, you can have the time and/or date displayed here as well.

     The About box has the default icon title set to ~1~a ~w ~m ~d~o, which is a
special "code" to display the current time in 12-hour format, have either "am" or "pm"
displayed after the time, show the day-of-the-week in 3 letters, show the month in 3
letters, and show the day-of-the-month followed by "st", "rd", etc.  For example,
"9:05pm Sat Feb 5th".  Note how you can add spaces between the various options to
cause them to "wrap" down to the next icon title line, if desired.

  If you prefer, you can change the title to be just a simple word or two, like
"Earth" or "Earth's Sunlit Side".  This may be necessary to work with some
screen savers.

All the available options are listed below:

   ~1 =	12-hour format
   ~2 =	24-hour format
   ~a =	"am" or "pm"
   ~A =	"AM" or "PM"
   ~p =	"a" or "p"
   ~P =	"A" or "P"
   ~w =	Weekday name as "Mon", "Tue", etc.
   ~W =	Weekday name as "Monday", "Tuesday", etc.
   ~m =	Month name as "Jan", "Feb", etc.
   ~M =	Month name as "January", "February", etc.
   ~h =	Month number (1-12)
   ~d =	Day of the month number (1-31)
   ~y =	Year as "94", etc. (Year without the century)
   ~Y =	Year as "1994", etc. (Year with the century)
   ~o =	Ordinal suffix of "Day of the month" as "st", "nd", "rd", "th",
etc. (as in 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, etc.)
   ~L =	Language name (useful with Random language check box)
   ~l =	Language name abbreviated to first 3 letters
   ~i =	Available Daylight ("15 hours, 38 minutes, 2 seconds")
   ~I =	Available Daylight difference from yesterday
   ~r =	Sunrise time in hh:mm:ss format
   ~s =	Sunset time in hh:mm:ss format
   ~V =	Moon Visibility ("Evening to Dawn")
   ~z =	Moon Phase ("Full Moon")
NOTE: See the Sun and Moon info screen for more
detailed solar and lunar information.

Example icon titles:

   Title:	Displays as:
   ~2 ~W ~m ~d~o	21:05 Saturday Feb 5th
   ~1~A	9:05PM
   ~w ~M ~d ~Y	Sat February 5 1994
   ~y.~h.~d	94.02.05
   ~W ~M ~d~o (~l)	Saturday February 5th (Eng)
   ~z - ~V	Full Moon - Evening to Dawn
   Earth	Earth

  Feel free to experiment with different combinations!


Background/Text Colors
Background/Text Colors and Hatching

  You can select one of 16 different background colors.  The default is
black, but you can select another color if you prefer.  Also, the "transparent" color
allows you to display the Earth with no background, appearing on top of whatever is
beneath it.

   You can also select the color of the text that the Sun and Moon info screen
uses.  By selecting the proper background and text colors, you can make this screen
very easy to read.  Note that "transparent" selections default the background to
black and the text to light gray.

   The Hatch Style list box allows you to specify different "cross-hatch"
styles for the background.  Normally, the background is one solid color, but
you may choose one of six hatch patterns if you like.


"Always On Top" feature

  You can click the Icon is always on top of windows button on to have
the EarthSun icon stay visible when other windows are covering it.  When on, the
icon will always appear "on top of" the other windows instead of being "hidden"
beneath them.


"Preserve icon's screen position" feature

  You can click the Preserve icon's screen position button on to have
the EarthSun icon remain in the same position on the screen the next time you
start Windows.  Usually, icons appear beside each other on the bottom of the screen
in the order that they are listed in the Startup group.  This option, however, lets
you move the icon to any place on the screen and it will appear there instead of with
the other icons.


Multiple Instances

     MicroSoft WindowsTM allow you to have mulitple instances of a program
running at the same time.  EarthSun supports this as well and is an interesting
feature for viewing more than one location at a time.

     For instance, say you live on the East Coast of the United States and you
want to see your location as well as the view from England.  You can set EarthSun
to have two icons on your screen at the same time, one that represents the view
from the East Coast and one that represents the view from England.  The first step
you need to do is to install EarthSun in two separate locations on your computer's
hard drive.  Next, create two separate Program Icons using the Windows Program
Manager.  In the first one, enter the full pathname to the first place you installed
EarthSun, set the Working Directory to that subdirectory, and name the icon
something like "EarthSun - East Coast".  In the second icon, enter the full pathname
to the second place where it's installed and name it "EarthSun - England".  This
way, there are two separate EARTHSUN.INI files on your system, so each one
can now be configured in it's own way.  See the Troubleshooting section if you
need more help installing EarthSun.

     You should now have two Program Icons, one for the East Coast and one for
England.  You now go into the About box for the East Coast icon and set it
up appropriately, namely set the Your Time Zone field for Eastern Standard
Time.  Next, do the same for the England, setting the field for Greenwich Mean Time.
If you did everything correctly, you will now have two views of the Earth, each seen
from a different point on the planet.  This feature is most noticeable if the
View from Darkness Perspective is on for each icon, since it will show the
same shadow from two different points.

  Experiment with different combinations of settings, languages and time zones.
EarthSun is not only informative by showing you the current time and date, but
it's main purpose is to be entertaining and educational.  See the tricks
section for more ideas on how to get the most out of EarthSun.


"Sun and Moon info" window
Sun and Moon info window

  When you double-click the EarthSun icon, or select the Sun and Moon info
window, the current date, time and icon are displayed in a full-screen window and
updated once a second.  More importantly, however, a great deal of information about
the Sun and Moon rise, transit, and set times for your location are displayed.
Make sure you have used the Your Location dialog box before examining
this screen.

     Among the values displayed are the twilight start, end and length times, and the
amount of available daylight and the difference in daylight from yesterday.  The
azimuth (location on the horizon) and altitude (height above the horizon) for the
rise, transit (time of highest altitude), and set times for both the Sun and the
Moon are shown as well.  If the Sun or Moon is above the horizon (in the sky),
it's current location is displayed.

     Detailed information about the Moon is provided, showing the current phase and
when to look for the Moon in the sky.  The moon fraction, or percentage of the
Moon that is lit by the Sun as seen from Earth, is displayed, as is the Moon's age
(amount of time since the last New Moon) and the orbit position in degrees (zero
degrees represents a New Moon).  Finally, the current lunation cycle is shown,
displaying the dates and times of each lunar phase from the previous New Moon to
the next.

     When you are finished reading, press the Minimize button in the upper right
corner to shrink the window back to the EarthSun icon.


EarthSun and Screen Savers

  In the default configuration, EarthSun displays a clock beneath the icon.
Since this will automatically update the icon's title once per minute, this may cause
some screen savers, which can sense such activity, to never activate.  I've
had reports that the After DarkTM screen savers work fine with EarthSun's
defaults, but the Windows built-in screen savers are known to be a problem.
After DarkTM v3.0 screen savers also preclude EarthSun from staying
"on top of" that program.  Try loading After Dark before loading
EarthSun.

  A simple solution is to change the Icon Title field in the About box to a simple
word or group of words, such as "Earth" or "Earth's Sunlit Side".  You will not be able
to show the time in EarthSun's title (although you could still display the date),
but your screen savers should work again.  Consider using the clock feature
if you want to show the time in the icon.


Other related programs

  If you enjoy EarthSun, look for these other icon-programs:

  MoonIcon: Filename MOONICxx.ZIP; a Windows icon that shows the current
phase of the Moon.

  MarsIcon: Filename MARSICxx.ZIP; a Windows icon that shows the current
view of the planet Mars.

  GRedSpot: Filename GREDSPxx.ZIP; a Windows icon that shows the current
view of the planet Jupiter, it's Great Red Spot, and the 4 Galilean moons Io, Europa,
Ganymede and Callisto.

  SolSys: Filename SOLSYSxx.ZIP; a Windows icon that shows the current
relative position of the nine planets in our Solar System.

All four have been released and are available at the Internet FTP sites oak.oakland.edu,
ftp.cica.indiana.edu, and their mirrors around the world, the Software
Creations BBS, (508) 365-2359 (2400,N,8,1), and in the Ziff Davis Interactive
(GO ZDI) area of CompuServe.  All users receive the shareware versions of these
programs when they register EarthSun.  The current versions are MOONIC10.ZIP,
MARSIC27.ZIP, GREDSP37.ZIP, and SOLSYS11.ZIP.


Registering EarthSun

     Print out the file ORDER.FRM to get a quick order form for registering
EarthSun.  Remember, you can use File|Print Topic directly from that
window's menu, or send the file ORDER.FRM, included with the rest of the
program files, to your printer from the DOS prompt.  This shareware version is
not cripple-ware, nag-ware or free-ware, although it will remind you every 5
times to register until the evaluation period expires.  When you do register,
you will receive the latest executable version that allows UNLIMITED use of
the program with no reminder box and no expiration.

  All future versions/upgrades of this program are FREE to registered users.
When a new shareware version becomes available, just download it and copy
the new EarthSun files to the registered version's subdirectory.  It's that simple!

     The cost of the diskette and the mailing charges are all included in the
US $10 registration fee.  Personal checks, money orders and AmEx, Visa, etc.
traveler's checks are all accepted (sorry, I do not yet accept credit card orders).
You will also receive the shareware versions of 4 similar icon-programs
for the Moon, the planets Mars and Jupiter, and the Solar System.  In addition,
you'll also receive an impressive Windows wallpaper .BMP file.

     If you are a Windows/C programmer, you may also purchase the full Borland C++
3.1 source code and Windows resource files used to make EarthSun for US $25.  The
source code for each future version will also be available at a discount, and, needless
to say, many programming tips and tricks can be learned by studying this program.

  If you find EarthSun useful, please upload it to other bulletin boards
and Internet FTP sites so other people can see the sunny side of our planet!


License Agreement

                    DISCLAIMER - LICENSE AGREEMENT

Users of EarthSun must accept this disclaimer of warranty:

"EarthSun is supplied "as is".  W. Scott Thoman disclaims all warranties,
either expressed or implied, including, without limitation, the warranties of
merchantability and of fitness for any purpose.  W. Scott Thoman assumes no
liability for damages, direct or consequential, which may result from the
use of EarthSun."

EarthSun is a shareware program and is provided at no charge to the user
for evaluation.  Feel free to share it with your friends, but please do not
give it away altered or as part of another system.  The essence of
"user-supported" software is to provide personal computer users with quality
software without high prices, and yet to provide incentive for programmers
to continue to develop new products.  If you find this program useful and
find that you enjoy EarthSun, you must register it.  The registration fee
will license one copy for use on any one computer at any one time.  You
must treat this software just like a book.  An example is that this software
may be used by any number of people and may be freely moved from one
computer location to another, so long as there is no possibility of it being
used at one location while it's being used at another.  It is just like a
book which cannot be read by two different people at the same time.

Anyone distributing EarthSun for any kind of renumeration must first contact
W. Scott Thoman for authorization.  W. Scott Thoman should be advised
so that the distributor can be kept up-to-date with the latest version.

Disk Vendors, Shareware Distributors and BBS(s) may charge a nominal fee
for distribution of the program.  The recipient of EarthSun must be
informed, in advance, that the fee paid to acquire EarthSun does not
relieve the recipient from paying the Registration Fee if the recipient uses
EarthSun.

  You are encouraged to pass a copy of EarthSun along to your friends for
evaluation.  Please encourage them to register their copy if they find
that they can use it, too.  Of course, all registered users will receive a copy
of the latest version of EarthSun.


Order Form
                    EarthSun 4.3 - Order Form

Return this registration form along with US $10 to:

                        W. Scott Thoman
                        41 Lee Road
                        Dryden, New York  13053  -USA-

or send US $25 to receive the Registered version PLUS the
Borland C++ 3.1 source code and Windows resource files.

Registered users are entitled to ALL upgrades AT NO EXTRA COST!
When a new shareware version becomes available, just download
it and copy the new EarthSun files to your registered version's
subdirectory.  It's that simple!

Personal checks, money orders and AmEx, Visa, etc. traveler's
checks are all accepted.  (Sorry, I don't yet accept credit
card orders).  You'll also receive the shareware versions of
4 other related icon-programs, one for the Moon (MoonIcon),
the planets Mars (MarsIcon) and Jupiter (GRedSpot), and the
Solar System (SolSys).

   Name ____________________________________

Address ____________________________________________________

        ____________________________________________________

        ____________________________________________________

        ____________________________________________________

Internet/CompuServe Address: _______________________________

Can I e-mail it to you?  ___ .ZIP file ___ UUENCODEd  ___ No

Where did you hear about EarthSun? _________________________

____________________________________________________________

Disk size:   ___ 5.25"   ___ 3.5"

Comments: __________________________________________________

                           THANK YOU!


New Ideas

     If you have improved the existing icons, or have created any new icons to
improve the animation, please send them to me.  Any ideas for new features
or capabilities are always welcome.  If you would like to see other languages
supported, just send me the names and abbreviations of the months and
days-of-the-week and I'll be sure to include them in the next version.

  If I use your contributions, you will receive my thanks in the Acknowledgements
section and the latest registered version of EarthSun free.


Troubleshooting

  If you get the About box each and every time you start the program, make
sure you have the program icon's Working Directory set to the directory
where you have the EARTHSUN.EXE file.  This allows the program to properly find it's
.INI file.  Make sure your EARTHSUN.INI file is in the same subdirectory as the
EARTHSUN.EXE file; if it isn't, move it to that subdirectory.  This is the recommended
way to keep all of EarthSun's files together.

  If you prefer, you may also set the Working Directory to your Windows subdirectory
explicitly, or just leave it blank to have it default to your Windows subdirectory.  Again,
just make sure that EARTHSUN.INI is, indeed, located there.

  Finally, make sure the .INI file is marked as read/write (this is the default);
do NOT mark this file as read-only.


Acknowledgements

  Many thanks go to Peter Hayes (peter.hayes@uk.cray.com) in England for the
information he supplied to me on the daylight savings time issues in the UK
and Europe.  Thanks to Eric Rickin (erickin@umich.edu) for his relentless
beta-testing, the weather server site name, many new world languages,
and also for leading me to Don LeClair (71534.3255@compuserve.com) for help
on doing transparent backgrounds and having icons stay "always on top".  Thanks
also to Mike Andersson (anderss@u.washington.edu) for the idea of preserving the
icon position.  Thanks also to Tony Beresford (phacb@cc.flinders.edu.au) of
the Astronomical Society of Southern Australia for the information about his
country's daylight savings time issues.

  Thanks to my long-time friend Brian Knapp in Jamesville, NY for proof-reading
this help file, beta-testing many pre-release versions, offering various Windows
tips, and generally struggling with me over the last 12+ years to learn how to
make computers do what we want them to do.

  Thanks also to Reinhold H. Uebbing (100337.1404@compuserve.com) in
Germany for the multi-language support he provided.  Also, his ideas led to the
implementation of the darkness viewing perspective and multiple instances.

  Many thanks to William B. Phelps (wbp@vnet.ibm.com) in California
for his Sun and Moon rise/transit/set time algorithms.  He sent me the source code,
initially in Pascal, and tirelessly worked with me for over two months to improve
the accuracy and make it work within EarthSun.

  Finally, thanks to all the people who sent me languages to include
in EarthSun; certainly it would not be the software product it is without
their help.


Acknowledgements2
Dedication

  Hi Mom and Dad, Linda, Grandma and Grandpa Cruver, Grandma and Grandpa
Thoman, Brian Knapp, Joe Harmon, and especially my wife, Robin.


EarthSun Tricks!

  One of the entertaining and educational tricks you can do with EarthSun is to
animate the icon without the darkness perspective feature on.  This shows how
the Earth actually spins in space during the course of a day by showing the side of
the Earth that is currently facing, or being illuminated by, the Sun.  Each "frame"
in the animation shows a time difference of one and a half hours from the previous
frame.

  Another interesting configuration is to animate the icon with the darkness
perspective on, and switching between Your View and Other View in the About
box.  Your View shows the current view of the Earth as seen from a point in
space directly over where you live.  If you set the Other Time Zone field to
another part of the world and select Other View, you can see the current
position of the shadow as seen from that part of the world.

     For instance, say you live on the eastern coast of the United States, and
you want to view the shadow as seen from England.  You would set Your Time
Zone for Eastern Standard Time and the Other Time Zone for Greenwich Mean
Time.  Now, when you click on the button Your View, you see the Earth as it
looks from space over the East Coast.  When you use the About box again
and click on the Other View button, you are now seeing the Earth as
currently seen from space looking down on England.  Note how the shadow is
different between the two views and remember that only one half of the planet
is ever illuminated at a time.

  If you have trouble visualizing this effect, go to a globe of the Earth and
shine a flashlight at it in a darkened room.  As you slowly spin the globe, watch
how different parts of the world enter the lit portion and how others exit into
the shadow.  With a little practice, you can learn how the rotation of the Earth
causes the Sun to seemingly rise and set at different times in different parts
of the world.

  EarthSun now supports multiple instances of itself on-screen at the
same time.  This allows you to set up two or more icons that each show the Earth
from a different point on the planet.

  To see an analog clock either by itself or on top of the EarthSun icon,
select the Clock options choice from the system menu.

  Make sure you try out the sounds and talking clock feature, too.
If your computer can play .WAV files or has a sound card in it, EarthSun can
play sounds at specified intervals and can "speak" the time and date to you!  The
alarm feature can also "speak" your alarms.

  Finally, try changing the Language field from the one with which you're most
comfortable to a different language.  By changing the ~w and ~m parts of
the icon's title to capital letters (i.e. ~W and ~M), you can learn how the
months and days-of-the-week are spelled in other languages.  Also, look at the
word origin section for some history on the words we all use everyday.


Revision History
EarthSun - Revision History

11/01/94 Version 4.3 - Added 4 languages.

08/01/94 Version 4.2 - Added 21 languages.  Sun and Moon info screen
timezone bug fix.

07/14/94 Version 4.1 - Added Australian DST, seven languages.  Minor
bug fixes (midnight date change, better screen-saver
support). More cities in longitude/latitude tables.
Added twilight calculations.

06/23/94 Version 4.0 - Added clock and alarm features.  Added
Sun and Moon info.  Added hatching styles.  Added
six new languages.

04/19/94 Version 3.0 - "International Edition".  Added talking clock/calendar
via DDE messaging.  Added support for many different
languages.  Added new "perspective" to show
the darkness covering the Earth.  Multiple instances
are now supported.  Added preserve icon position
feature.

02/05/94 Version 2.6 - Added support for transparent backgrounds.  Added the
"always on top" check box.  Added printable order forms
directly from the help system.

01/20/94 Version 2.5 - Added the on-line help system.  Improved dialog
box background.

12/03/93 Version 2.1 - Added automatic daylight savings/summer time support
for US, UK, and European users.  Added forward/reverse
rotation direction.  Added background color selection.
Increased evaluation period for un-registered users.
Improved the overall look of the About box.  Granted
free upgrades to registered users.  Added support for
display of the month number (1-12).

11/09/93 Version 2.0 - Removed TZ environment variable; all options are now
fully user-configurable on the About screen and saved
in EARTHSUN.INI.  Added support for all timezones,
daylight savings time, and update intervals.
Support for displaying date/time in many formats.
Improved all of the icons, added Antarctica.

10/28/93 Version 1.1 - Initial release.  Changed from OWL to straight Windows
API calls.  Added TZ environment variable support.

07/12/93 Version 1.0 - First version.  Used BC++/OWL as a framework.


Author Information

  Any suggestions, bugs, ideas, complaints?  Let me know what you think of this
program so I can improve it!  Please include the version number you are using
in all correspondence; this is version 4.3.  If you want to be on EarthSun's e-mail
list so you can be notified of new versions, indicate this as well.

Mail Address:

   W. Scott Thoman
   41 Lee Road
   Dryden, New York  13053  -USA-

Internet E-Mail Address:

   thoman@law.mail.cornell.edu

--------------------------------------------------------------------------
                       Thank you for using EarthSun!
--------------------------------------------------------------------------


What Is ShareWare
What is ShareWare?

  If you're familiar with the idea behind Shareware, then you know
that Shareware is the ultimate in money-back guarantees.

     Most money-back guarantees work like this: You pay for the product
and then have some period of time to try it out and see whether or
not you like it.  If you don't like it or find that it doesn't do
what you need, you return it (undamaged) and at some point - which
might take months - you get your money back.  Some software
companies won't even let you try their product!  In order to qualify
for a refund, the diskette envelope must have an unbroken seal.
With these "licensing" agreements, you only qualify for your money
back if you haven't tried the product.  How absurd!

     Shareware is very different.  With Shareware, you get to try it for
a limited time, without spending a penny.  If you decide not to
continue using it, you throw it away and forget all about it.  No
paperwork, phone calls, or correspondence to waste your valuable
time.

     Software authors who use the Shareware method of distribution feel
that Shareware is the best way to try a product.  You are able to
try it on your own system(s), in your own special work environment,
with no sales people looking over your shoulder. Have you ever
purchased a car and realized that if you could have test driven it
for 30 days your purchase decision might have been different?  With
Shareware, these problems can be avoided - you do have a 30 day
test-drive!

     After trying a Shareware product and deciding to continue to use
it, then - and only then - do you pay for it.  Not only that, but
Shareware is traditionally much less expensive simply because you
are paying for the software, not the advertising and marketing that
comprises the majority of the cost of most software (a one-page ad
in PC Magazine, one time, can cost upwards of $20,000).  If the
try-before-you-buy concept sounds like an ideal way to make your
purchase decisions, you're right!

     Some companies burden their products with annoying copy protection
schemes because they don't trust their users. Shareware developers
not only don't use copy protection, they freely distribute their
products because they trust their users.

     Someone once said that you should never trust software which
doesn't trust you. This makes a lot of sense - no wonder Shareware
is becoming so popular among users and developers.

     Shareware is a distribution method, not a type of software.
Shareware is produced by accomplished programmers, just like retail
software.  There is good and bad Shareware, just as there is good
and bad retail software.  The primary difference between Shareware
and retail software is that with Shareware you know if it's good or
bad before you pay for it.  Registration of Shareware products, in
addition to being required, is also an incentive for programmers to
continue to produce quality software for the Shareware market.

     There is another significant advantage to Shareware - it allows
small companies to make software available without the hundreds
of thousands of dollars in expenses that it takes to
launch a traditional retail software product. There are many
programs on the market today which would never have become
available without the Shareware marketing method.  Please show your
support for Shareware by registering those programs you actually
use and by passing them on to others.

                       Thank you for your support!


Sounds and Talking Clock/Calendar

  A fun and entertaining feature is the ability of EarthSun to be a talking
clock and calendar.  If you have a SoundBlasterTM or compatible sound card
and the program Monologue for Windows, you can have it "speak" the current
time and/or date to you.  If your computer can play .WAV files, you can have
EarthSun play any sound file you wish at the intervals you specify.

     First, you need to tell EarthSun how it should handle sounds.  From the program's
System Menu, select the Sounds/Speech option.  Next, in the Sound
Selection box, click the No Sounds button if your computer cannot play
sounds.  Most Windows installations can at least play sounds through the PC's
internal speaker, so only use this if you are sure you don't want sounds.  Next,
the Windows .WAV files button lets you play any .WAV file as an hourly, half,
or quarterly chime.  Finally, if you have a sound card and the appropriate software,
click the Enable DDE Speech capability button to have it speak the time and
date.  Notice how different parts of the dialog box are enabled and disabled as you
select different sound options.  This makes it easier for you to tell which options
are available based on the sound selection you choose.

     Once this is done, you can set many options to have EarthSun speak at certain
times and say various phrases.  The Sound/Speech Interval box lets you select when
EarthSun will speak or play sounds.  If you select Only right-click, it only speaks
when you click the right mouse button when the mouse cursor is over the icon.  Other
options cause EarthSun to play sounds or speak automatically once every hour,
every half-hour, or every 15 minutes.  Note that when you select Enable DDE Speech
capability and Only right-click, the corresponding .WAV file will play at
the specified interval instead of the speech for that time.  Also, when
Windows .WAV files and Only right-click are selected, the last-played .WAV file
will be the one that is played when right-clicked.

     To have it play sounds, enter the full filename of a .WAV file that you want
EarthSun to play at the corresponding interval.  For instance, EarthSun defaults
to playing the file CHIMES.WAV that comes with Windows on the hour.  If you have
another file that you prefer, simply type it in here.  The other filename fields
work in the same manner.  If you enter an incorrect filename, the standard "beep"
is sounded instead of your intended file.

     To hear it talk, select Sounds/Speech for the system menu.  Next, click
the Enable DDE Speech capability button.  If you are using Monologue for
Windows, set the Service field in the DDE Names box to MONOLOG and
the Topic field to TALK.  Other DDE (Dynamic Data Exchange) speech
server software may require other Service and Topic names; if so, simply type them in.
Also, you must make sure that your speech server is running before EarthSun tries to
speak; it can't talk without help from this other software package.  If you are using
Monologue for Windows, I've included the file EARTHSUN.DIC, which is a small
dictionary of words that EarthSun can use to better pronounce the time and date.  See
your sound card and speech server software documentation for further details.  If you
have a specific speech program that doesn't seem to work with EarthSun, please
contact me and I'll see if I can help you and/or support it in future versions.

     The Speech Selection box lets you determine the order in which EarthSun speaks
the time and/or date.  You can have it say only the time, say only the date, say the
time then the date, or say the date then the time.  Simply click on the radio button
that matches your preference.

     Finally, the Time Options and Date Options let you select different word
and phrase combinations when the time and date are spoken.  Again, click the
appropriate buttons to suit your taste.

     In this version, EarthSun only speaks in English.  See the language section
for information on how you can have the icon title display in other languages.

  By the way, yes, that is my voice you hear when you click the Clear Skies button
and the other dialog box OK buttons.  I created the CLEARSKY.WAV, OK.WAV
and a few others with my SoundBlasterTM card and a microphone and had
EarthSun play them.  If you don't want to hear them, simply delete all the .WAV
files.

  When using Monologue for WindowsTM, I've noticed it can produce a
"WaveOutOpen" error when my .WAV files start playing after leaving a dialog box
and it then tries to speak the time on one of the 15-minute intervals.  You can simply
press the OK button to continue, or delete the .WAV files if this is a problem.


Clock features

  A new feature for version 4.0 is the ability of EarthSun to be an analog
clock, or a clock with hour and minute "hands".  You can control the size, shape,
and color of the hands as well as the clock face.  Markers for the hour positions can
also be set any way you prefer.

     Use the Clock options selection from EarthSun's system menu to bring
up the Clock Options dialog box.  Note how the various settings are disabled
(grayed-out) and enabled based on the selections you choose.

  EarthSun defaults to not showing the clock at all.  To use it, you first need
to check either the Only show the clock or the Show clock on top of icon radio
button.  I recommend showing only the clock until you are familiar with the different
clock features, since most of the clock face is covered by the Earth icon when using
the other selection.

     You can change the color of the hands by using the Hand Colors|Minute and Hour
list boxes.  Next, the Hand Style check box lets you select whether you wish
to have the hands partially "filled" with the hand color.  NOTE: This is only used when
the hand "width" is more than zero; see below for more details.  The check box beneath
called Face Size controls the size of the clock face.  When checked, the clock face
will be drawn to encompass the hour markers and is slightly larger than the size of
the Earth icon.  Un-check this box to have the face hidden when the icon is displayed.

  The size and shape of the hands can be changed by using the Hand Size box.
This box is organized into two rows of fields; the first row is for the hour hand and
the second is for the minute hand.  The Width fields in each row control the
width of the hand on either side of the clock's center point.  For the smallest hand
possible, enter 0 in this field.  This will create a hand that is only 1 pixel
wide.  For more stylish hands, however, try values such as 1, 2 or 4.  These give the
hands "width" and create a triangular shape.  Try different values until you find a width
that looks good to you.

     Next, the Length fields control the length, in pixels, of the hour and
minute hands starting from the clock's center point and moving outward to the tip.
Normally, the default values are appropriate, but feel free to change them.  Finally,
the Back fields specify the length of the part of the hand that extends behind
the clock's center point.  A value of 0 means to have no back portion of the hand,
but a much more interesting value is, say, 4.

  In addition, you can also tell EarthSun to draw markers at the
12 "hour points" along the clock face's edge.  Click the None button to hide
the markers, select the 3-hour button to show only the 12-, 3-, 6-, and 9-hour
markers, or choose All to show all twelve.  Also, don't forget to try the two marker
color list boxes to change the color of each type of marker!

  Finally, the Face Color list box allows you to change the color of the clock's
face.  Be sure to try many different combinations of background colors, face colors,
hand colors, and hand sizes and shapes.  There is no "correct" combination of EarthSun
options; use your imagination and keep trying new ones!  One of my personal favorites
is setting transparent background and face colors, so the only part of the clock that is
visible are the hands and (maybe) the markers...


Alarm features

  EarthSun can also be used as an alarm clock.  You can set up to three
different alarms and have .WAV files played when the alarm "goes off".  EarthSun can
also be set to speak the alarm description to you!

     Use the Alarm options selection from EarthSun's system menu to bring
up the Alarm Options dialog box.  Note how the various settings are disabled (grayed-out)
and enabled based on the selections you choose.

  EarthSun has no alarms set as the default.  To use them, you first need
to click one of the check boxes under the word On.  Notice how the other controls
in the line are now enabled for use.  By clicking an alarm's On button on and
off, you can choose to set or not to set an alarm without having to re-type the alarm's
other values.  Remember that an alarm will not go off if it's On button is not
clicked on.

     The next control to the right is the Month list box, and it displays
the 12 months of the year in the language you selected in the About dialog box.
If you wish, you may set an alarm for a certain month in the future and EarthSun will
signal you when that month arrives.  Select -None- if you do not wish to
keep track of the month.  This control is normally used only with the following
Day field, so that a certain day in the future can be specified.  If neither
the Month or Day field is used, then EarthSun will sound the alarm
each day at the specified time.

     The next three fields, Hour, Min and pm, let you specify the time
that the alarm is to go off.  Type in the number of the hour (from 1 to 12) and the minute
(from 0 to 59), and be sure to click the pm button if necessary.

     The Description field is the name for the alarm and it will be shown
in the small message box that appears when the alarm goes off.  Simply type in any
description you like for this alarm.  Read on for an entertaining use for this field...

  Finally, the .WAV file or "SPEAK" field is the last control on each alarm.
If you do not want EarthSun to make a sound when the alarm goes off, simply leave
this field blank.  If want a .WAV file played, type in it's filename here.  For the most
fun, however, type in the word SPEAK and EarthSun will speak the alarm description
to you!

     You can also have EarthSun turn an alarm off after it notifies you by
clicking the Turn Alarm Off check box in the After Alarm occurs box.  This will
stop an alarm from occuring again unless you click the On button back on.  Also,
you can have the alarm's fields set to all blank values afterward by checking the
Clear Alarm's fields button.  Note that clearing the fields also turns that
alarm off.


USA - Alabama to Montana

                      North     West
Location/            Latitude Longitude   Alt
City Name            Deg  Min  Deg  Min    m

ALABAMA
Anniston              33 39.0   85 47.0     -
Birmingham            33 31.8   86 48.6   203
Gadsden               34 00.6   86 00.6   182
Huntsville            34 43.9   86 35.2   210
Mobile                30 40.8   88 06.6     2
Montgomery            32 21.6   86 18.0    52
Tuscaloosa            33 12.0   87 32.4     -

ALASKA
Anchorage             61 12.0  149 48.0    28
Fairbanks             64 50.0  147 48.0   143
Juneau                58 18.2  134 24.5     4

ARIZONA
Flagstaff             35 12.6  111 37.2  2264
Glendale              33 30.0  112 15.0     -
Mesa                  33 25.0  111 50.0     -
Phoenix               33 30.0  112 04.8   366
Scottsdale            33 30.0  111 53.0     -
Tempe                 33 24.0  111 54.0     -
Tucson                32 13.2  110 55.2   784
Yuma                  32 42.0  114 37.8    52

ARKANSAS
Fort Smith            35 22.8   94 24.0   144
Little Rock           34 44.4   92 19.2    94
N Little Rock         34 46.0   92 13.0     -
Pine Bluff            34 13.2   92 01.2     -

CALIFORNIA
Alameda               37 46.0  122 15.0     -
Alhambra              34 05.0  118 08.0     -
Anaheim               33 50.0  117 55.0     -
Bakersfield           35 23.0  119 00.0   131
Baldwin Park          34 05.0  117 58.0     -
Bellflower            33 53.0  118 08.0     -
Berkeley              37 52.0  122 17.0    13
Buena Park            33 52.0  118 00.0     -
Burbank               34 11.0  118 19.0     -
Carson                33 49.0  118 16.0     -
Cerritos              33 52.0  118 05.0     -
Chula Vista           32 38.0  117 05.0     -
Compton               33 54.0  118 14.0     -
Concord               37 58.0  122 02.0     -
Cosa Mesa             33 39.0  118 54.0     -
Daly City             37 43.0  122 31.0     -
Downey                33 56.0  118 08.0     -
El Cajon              32 48.0  116 58.0     -
El Monte              34 04.0  118 02.0     -
Escondido             33 07.0  117 00.0     -
Eureka                40 45.0  124 10.0     -
Fairfield             38 14.0  122 02.0     -
Fountain Valley       33 42.0  117 57.0     -
Fremont               37 33.0  122 00.0     -
Fresno                36 46.2  119 46.8    94
Fullerton             33 53.0  117 56.0     -
Garden Grove          33 47.0  117 56.0     -
Glendale              34 09.0  118 15.0     -
Hawthorne             33 55.0  118 22.0     -
Hayward               37 40.0  122 06.0     -
Huntington Beach      33 39.0  118 00.0     -
Inglewood             33 57.0  118 22.0     -
Irvine                33 40.0  117 45.0     -
Lakewood              33 50.0  118 09.0     -
La Mesa               32 46.0  117 01.0     -
Long Beach            33 46.0  118 12.0     -
Los Angeles           34 04.8  118 22.2    32
Modesto               37 39.0  121 00.0     -
Montebello            34 01.0  118 06.0     -
Monterey Park         34 04.0  118 08.0     -
Mountain View         37 25.0  122 07.0     -
Napa                  38 20.0  122 17.0     -
Newport Beach         33 36.0  117 55.0     -
Norwalk               33 54.0  118 05.0     -
Oakland               37 48.0  122 16.0     8
Oceanside             33 11.0  117 22.0     -
Ontario               34 04.0  117 39.0     -
Orange                33 48.0  117 51.0     -
Oxnard                34 08.0  119 12.0     -
Palo Alto             37 27.0  122 09.0     -
Pasadena              34 09.0  118 09.0   272
Pico Rivera           34 01.0  118 05.0     -
Pomona                34 04.0  117 45.0     -
Rancho Cucamonga      34 05.0  117 35.0     -
Redondo Beach         33 50.0  118 23.0     -
Redwood City          37 29.0  122 13.0     -
Richmond              37 56.0  122 21.0     -
Riverside             33 59.0  117 21.0     -
Sacramento            38 35.0  121 30.0    10
Salinas               36 41.0  121 40.0     -
San Bernardino        34 07.0  117 19.0   354
San Buenaventura      34 18.0  119 18.0     -
San Diego             32 45.0  117 08.4     7
San Francisco         37 45.6  122 26.4    21
San Jose              37 20.0  121 54.0    30
San Leandro           37 43.0  122 10.0     -
San Mateo             37 34.0  122 20.0     -
Santa Ana             33 41.0  117 57.0     -
Santa Barbara         34 26.0  119 43.0    33
Santa Clara           37 21.0  121 56.0     -
Santa Monica          34 01.0  118 29.0     -
Santa Rosa            38 27.0  122 42.0     -
Simi Valley           34 16.0  118 47.0     -
South Gate            33 57.0  118 13.0     -
Stockton              37 57.5  121 17.3     7
Sunnyvale             37 23.0  122 02.0     -
Thousand Oaks         34 10.0  118 50.0     -
Torrance              33 50.0  118 20.0     -
Vallejo               38 06.0  122 15.0     -
Visalia               36 20.0  119 18.0     -
Walnut Creek          37 54.0  122 04.0     -
West Covina           34 04.0  117 55.0     -
Westminster           33 45.0  117 59.0     -
Whittier              33 58.0  118 02.0     -

COLORADO
Arvada                39 48.0  105 05.0     -
Aurora                39 43.0  104 49.0     -
Boulder               40 00.2  105 15.7     -
Colorado Springs      38 49.0  104 48.0  1932
Denver                39 43.2  104 58.8  1732
Durango               37 15.0  107 55.0     -
Fort Collins          40 36.0  105 04.0     -
Grand Junction        39 04.2  108 33.0  1506
Greeley               40 25.0  104 41.0     -
Lakewood              39 44.0  105 06.0     -
Pueblo                38 17.4  104 38.4  1539
Westminster           39 50.0  105 02.0     -

CONNECTICUT
Bridgeport            41 11.4   73 11.4     3
Bristol               41 40.0   72 55.0     -
Danbury               41 23.0   73 27.0     -
East Hartford         41 45.0   72 35.0     -
Fairfield             41 08.0   73 22.0     -
Greenwich             41 01.0   73 37.0     -
Hamden                41 20.0   72 55.0     -
Hartford              41 45.6   72 41.4    13
Manchester            41 45.0   72 30.0     -
Meriden               41 30.0   72 50.0    62
Milford               41 15.0   73 05.0     -
New Britain           41 40.0   72 45.0    66
New Haven             41 18.6   72 55.8    13
Norwalk               41 06.0   73 25.0     -
Stamford              41 03.0   73 32.0    11
Stratford             41 10.0   73 05.0     -
Waterbury             41 30.0   73 00.0    85
West Hartford         41 45.0   72 45.0     -
West Haven            41 16.0   72 57.0     -

DELAWARE
Dover                 39 09.6   75 31.8     -
Wilmington            39 45.0   75 33.0    44

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Washington            38 52.8   77 01.2     5

FLORIDA
Boca Raton            26 21.0   80 05.0     -
Clearwater            27 43.0   82 45.0     -
Daytona Beach         29 11.0   81 02.0     2
Fort Lauderdale       26 07.0   80 09.0     -
Gainesville           29 39.6   82 19.8    57
Hialeah               25 49.0   80 18.0     -
Hollywood             26 00.0   80 11.0     -
Jacksonville          30 19.2   81 39.0     7
Largo                 27 54.0   82 47.0     -
Melbourne             28 04.7   80 36.2    21
Miami                 25 46.8   80 13.2     2
Orlando               28 32.4   81 22.8    23
Pensacola             30 25.0   87 13.0     5
Pompano Beach         26 12.0   80 07.0     -
St. Petersburg        27 47.0   82 38.0     7
Sarasota              27 20.0   82 32.0     7
Tallahassee           30 26.4   84 17.4     -
Tampa                 27 57.6   82 28.2     -
West Palm Beach       26 43.0   80 03.2     -

GEORGIA
Albany                31 34.8   84 09.6     -
Atlanta               33 45.6   84 24.6   331
Augusta               33 28.2   81 59.4    47
Columbus              32 28.8   84 57.0    87
Macon                 32 49.8   83 39.6   110
Savannah              32 03.0   81 05.4     7

HAWAII
Hilo                  19 44.0  155 01.0    13
Honolulu              21 18.6  157 50.4     7

IDAHO
Boise                 43 36.6  116 13.2   931
Coeur D'Alene         47 40.8  116 46.2     -
Lewiston              46 24.0  116 59.0     -
Pocatello             42 52.8  112 27.0  1463
Twin Falls            42 33.0  114 29.0     -

ILLINOIS
Arlington Heights     42 05.0   87 59.0     -
Aurora                41 45.0   88 18.0     -
Bloomington           40 29.0   89 00.0   262
Champaign             40 06.6   88 15.0   243
Chicago               41 51.0   87 40.8   199
Cicero                41 50.0   87 46.0     -
Decatur               39 50.0   88 59.0   224
Des Plaines           42 02.0   87 54.0     -
East St. Louis        38 38.0   90 10.0     -
Elgin                 42 03.0   88 16.0     -
Evanston              42 02.0   87 41.0     -
Joliet                41 37.0   88 05.0     -
Mount Prospect        42 03.0   87 56.0     -
Oak Lawn              41 43.0   87 45.0     -
Oak Park              41 53.0   87 48.0     -
Peoria                40 42.6   89 36.6   154
Rockford              42 16.2   89 04.2   235
Schaumburg            42 02.0   88 05.0     -
Skokie                42 02.0   87 45.0     -
Springfield           39 48.0   89 39.0   200
Urbana                40 06.3   88 13.5   238

INDIANA
Anderson              40 05.0   85 50.0     -
Bloomington           39 12.6   86 34.8     -
Evansville            37 58.8   87 33.0   126
Fort Wayne            41 04.2   85 09.0   259
Gary                  41 35.0   87 21.0   194
Hammond               41 37.0   87 31.0     -
Indianapolis          39 47.4   86 08.4   260
Muncie                40 11.5   85 23.3   312
South Bend            41 40.0   86 20.0   233
Terre Haute           39 28.1   87 24.4   163

IOWA
Ames                  42 02.4   93 36.6     -
Cedar Rapids          41 58.0   91 39.9   240
Council Bluffs        41 16.0   95 53.0     -
Davenport             41 32.4   90 35.4   194
Des Moines            41 36.0   93 37.8   308
Dubuque               42 30.0   90 43.0   269
Iowa City             41 40.2   91 31.8   225
Sioux City            42 30.0   96 24.0   331
Waterloo              42 30.0   92 22.0   279

KANSAS
Dodge City            37 45.6  100 01.2   847
Independence          37 13.0   95 42.0     -
Kansas City           39 06.0   94 39.0   246
Lawrence              38 57.6   95 15.0     -
Overland Park         38 59.0   94 40.0     -
Parsons               37 20.0   95 16.0     -
Salina                38 50.1   97 36.5   403
Topeka                39 02.4   95 41.4   305
Wichita               37 40.8   97 19.8   423

KENTUCKY
Ashland               38 28.6   82 38.4   176
Bowling Green         36 59.0   86 27.0   167
Corbin                36 56.4   84 06.0     -
Frankfort             38 12.0   84 51.6     -
Lexington             38 03.6   84 29.4   313
Louisville            38 13.2   85 45.0   156
Owensboro             37 45.0   87 05.0     -
Paducah               37 05.0   88 36.0   113

LOUISIANA
Alexandria            31 18.0   92 28.0     -
Baton Rouge           30 27.0   91 08.4    19
Bossier City          32 31.0   93 42.0     -
Kenner                29 58.0   90 15.0     -
Lafayette             30 13.2   92 01.2     -
Lake Charles          30 12.6   93 12.0     -
Monroe                32 30.6   92 06.0     -
New Orleans           29 58.2   90 04.8     2
Shreveport            32 28.2   93 46.2    67

MAINE
Augusta               44 19.2   69 46.2    15
Bangor                44 47.0   68 47.0     7
Eastport              44 54.0   67 00.0     -
Portland              43 40.2   70 16.8    15

MARYLAND
Annapolis             38 58.2   76 30.0     -
Baltimore             39 18.6   76 37.2     7
Bethesda              39 00.0   77 10.0     -
College Park          39 00.1   76 57.3     -
Dundalk               39 16.0   76 31.0     -
Germantown            39 10.4   77 16.3   428
Greenbelt             39 01.2   76 49.6     -
Ocean City            38 23.4   75 04.8     -
Silver Spring         39 00.0   77 00.0     -
Wheaton               39 05.0   77 05.0     -

MASSACHUSETTS
Boston                42 19.2   71 05.4     7
Brockton              42 04.0   71 01.0    43
Brookline             42 20.0   71 08.0     -
Cambridge             42 22.8   71 07.8     7
Chicopee              42 10.0   72 35.0     -
Fall River            41 42.0   71 07.0    13
Framingham            42 16.0   71 25.0     -
Holyoke               42 10.0   72 40.0    38
Lawrence              42 42.0   71 09.0    21
Lowell                42 38.0   71 18.0    33
Lynn                  42 28.0   70 57.0     -
Malden                42 26.0   71 04.0     -
Medford               42 25.0   71 07.0     -
New Bedford           41 38.2   70 55.7     5
Newton                42 21.0   71 13.0     -
Pittsfield            42 25.0   73 15.0   333
Quincy                42 15.0   71 00.0     -
Somerville            42 23.0   71 06.0     5
Springfield           42 06.6   72 33.0    28
Waltham               42 22.0   71 14.0     -
Weymouth              42 44.0   70 57.0     -
Worcester             42 16.2   71 48.6   156

MICHIGAN
Ann Arbor             42 17.00  83 44.75  289
Battle Creek          42 19.0   85 11.0   269
Clinton               42 04.0   83 58.0     -
Dearborn              42 18.0   83 15.0     -
Dearborn Heights      41 43.0   87 48.0     -
Detroit               42 22.8   83 05.4   192
Farmington Hills      42 28.0   83 23.0     -
Flint                 43 01.8   83 41.4   246
Grand Rapids          42 57.6   85 39.6   200
Kalamazoo             42 35.0   86 00.0   248
Lansing               42 43.2   84 33.6   272
Livonia               42 25.0   83 23.0     -
Mount Pleasant        43 36.0   84 46.2     -
Pontiac               42 37.0   83 17.0     -
Redford               42 25.0   83 16.0     -
Roseville             42 30.0   82 55.0     -
Royal Oak             42 29.0   83 09.0     -
Saginaw               43 25.0   84 00.0   195
St. Clair Shores      42 30.0   82 54.0     -
Sault Ste. Marie      46 28.0   84 22.0   237
Southfield            42 28.0   83 13.0     -
Sterling Heights      42 34.0   83 01.0     -
Taylor                42 14.0   83 16.0     -
Troy                  42 34.0   83 09.0     -
Warren                42 33.0   83 03.0     -
Westland              42 19.0   83 24.0     -
Wyoming               42 54.0   85 42.0     -

MINNESOTA
Bloomington           44 50.0   93 18.0     -
Duluth                46 47.4   92 06.6   200
Hibbing               47 25.2   92 55.2     -
Internat'l Falls      48 36.0   93 24.6     -
Mankato               44 09.6   94 00.0     -
Minneapolis           44 57.6   93 16.2   274
Northfield            44 27.6   93 09.6     -
Rochester             44 01.0   92 30.0     -
St. Cloud             45 34.0   94 10.4   341
St. Paul              44 57.0   93 05.0   256

MISSISSIPPI
Aberdeen              33 49.0   88 33.0     -
Biloxi                30 24.6   88 55.2     7
Greenville            33 25.0   91 00.0     -
Jackson               32 19.2   90 12.0    98
Meridian              32 21.0   88 41.0     -
Vicksburg             32 20.0   90 50.0     -

MISSOURI
Cape Girardeau        37 18.6   89 31.8     -
Columbia              38 55.0   92 19.0   240
Fayette               39 09.0   92 42.0     -
Florissant            38 47.0   90 20.0     -
Independence          39 06.0   94 26.0     -
Jefferson City        38 34.2   92 10.8     -
Kansas City           39 05.0   94 35.0   243
Mexico                39 10.0   91 53.0     -
Nevada                37 51.0   94 22.0     -
St. Joseph            39 44.0   94 49.0   279
St. Louis             38 37.8   90 15.0   149
Sedalia               38 42.0   93 14.0     -
Springfield           37 12.0   93 17.4   427

MONTANA
Billings              45 46.8  108 32.4  1024
Bozeman               45 41.0  111 00.0     -
Butte                 46 00.0  112 31.0  1891
Great Falls           47 30.0  111 15.0  1096
Helena                46 35.4  112 01.8  1363
Missoula              46 51.6  114 00.0  1047


USA - Nebraska to Wyoming

                      North     West
Location/            Latitude Longitude   Alt
City Name            Deg  Min  Deg  Min    m

NEBRASKA
Grand Island          40 55.8   98 21.0     -
Lincoln               40 48.6   96 40.2   377
North Platte          41 08.0  100 45.0     -
Omaha                 41 18.0   95 57.0   341
Scottsbluff           41 51.6  103 39.6     -

NEVADA
Carson City           39 09.0  119 46.8  1535
Las Vegas             36 10.2  115 10.2   709
Reno                  39 31.5  119 48.7  1445

NEW HAMPSHIRE
Concord               43 10.0   71 30.0    95
Hanover               43 42.3   72 17.0     -
Manchester            42 59.4   71 27.6    57
Nashua                42 47.0   71 23.0     -

NEW JERSEY
Atlantic City         39 21.6   74 26.4     3
Bayonne               40 40.0   74 07.0     -
Camden                39 56.0   75 06.0    10
Cape May              38 56.4   74 54.6     -
Cherry Hill           39 56.0   75 01.0     -
Clifton               40 35.0   74 09.0     -
East Orange           40 46.0   74 12.0     -
Edison                40 27.0   74 18.0     -
Elizabeth             40 40.0   74 13.0     7
Irvington             40 43.0   74 15.0     -
Jersey City           40 43.0   74 05.0     7
Newark                40 44.4   74 11.4     -
Passaic               40 52.0   74 08.0     -
Paterson              40 55.0   74 10.0    33
Princeton             40 21.0   74 39.6     -
Trenton               40 13.2   74 45.6    11
Union                 40 41.0   74 15.0     -
Union City            40 46.0   74 01.0     -
Vineland              39 30.0   75 00.0     -

NEW MEXICO
Alamagordo            32 54.0  105 57.0     -
Albuquerque           35 05.0  106 40.0  1742
Clovis                34 24.0  103 12.0     -
Deming                32 16.0  107 45.0     -
Las Cruces            32 20.4  106 43.8     -
Portales              34 11.0  103 20.0     -
Roswell               33 23.0  104 32.0     -
Santa Fe              35 40.2  105 57.0  2280
Sunspot               32 47.2  105 49.2     -

NEW YORK
Albany                42 39.6   73 46.8     7
Auburn
(New York Central RR) 42 56.0   76 34.0   677 feet
Binghamton            42 05.0   75 55.0   284
Brooktondale          42 23.0   76 24.0     -
Buffalo               42 54.6   78 51.0   231
Cheektowaga           42 54.0   78 46.0     -
Corning (DL&WRR)      42 09.0   77 04.0   957 feet

Cortland
LVRR Marker           42 36.0   76 10.0  1130 feet
D.L.&W. R.R. Marker   42 36.0   76 10.0  1113 feet

Dewitt                43 02.0   76 04.0   413 feet

Dryden
LVRR S. Street Xing   42 29.45  76 17.85 1101 feet
Southworth Library    42 29.45  76 17.85 1098 feet
Fireplug S. & Main    42 29.45  76 17.85 1093 feet
Dryden Lake           42 29.45  76 17.85 1156 feet

Elmira (E.R.R.)       42 06.0   76 49.0   857 feet
Etna (LVRR)           42 29.0   76 23.0  1025 feet
Fayetteville          43 02.0   76 01.0   543 feet
Fredonia              42 27.0   79 20.0     -

Freeville
LVRR Xing             42 32.0   76 20.0  1046 feet
Freeville Junction    42 32.0   76 20.0  1045 feet

Groton
LVRR                  42 35.0   76 22.0   995 feet
Fall Creek bridge     42 35.0   76 22.0  1273 feet
McLean Road           42 35.0   76 22.0  1288 feet

Homer
DL&W R.R./James St.   42 38.0   76 11.0  1133 feet
East Homer, LVRR      42 38.0   76 11.0  1132 feet

Horseheads (DL&WRR)   42 10.0   76 50.0   915 feet
Irondequoit           43 12.0   77 36.0     -

Ithaca
Cornell University
Engineering Building
Hollister Hall        42 26.4   76 29.4   814 feet
Cayuga Lake           42 26.4   76 30.0   381 feet

Jamestown             42 06.6   79 14.4     -
Jamesville (DL&WRR)   42 59.0   76 04.0   597 feet
Killawog (DL&WRR)     42 24.0   76 01.0  1001 feet
Marathon (DL&WRR)     42 26.0   76 02.0  1043 feet
McGraw (E&CNYRR)      42 36.0   76 06.0  1150 feet
McLean (LVRR)         42 33.0   76 17.0  1116 feet
Moravia               42 43.0   76 25.0     -
Mount Vernon          40 55.0   73 51.0     -
Newark Valley         42 14.0   76 11.0  1076 feet
New Rochelle          40 55.0   73 47.0     -
New York              40 43.8   73 55.2    43
Niagara Falls         43 06.0   79 02.0   187
Poughkeepsie          41 42.0   73 55.2     -
Rochester             43 09.6   77 36.6   169
Schenectady           42 47.0   73 53.0    80
Sodus                 43 14.0   77 04.0   428 feet
Sodus Point (NYCRR)   43 16.0   76 59.0   267 feet
Syracuse              43 05.0   76 10.0   131
Tonawanda             43 01.0   78 53.0     -
Troy                  42 45.0   73 45.0    11
Utica                 43 06.2   75 13.6   136
West Seneca           42 50.0   78 45.0     -
Whitney Point (DL&W)  42 20.0   75 58.0   958 feet
Yonkers               40 57.0   73 54.0     3

NORTH CAROLINA
Asheville             35 35.4   82 33.6   702
Charlotte             35 13.2   80 49.8   236
Durham                36 00.0   78 54.6   133
Fayetteville          35 02.0   78 54.0     -
Greensboro            36 04.2   79 48.6   275
High Point            35 55.0   80 00.0     -
Raleigh               35 47.4   78 39.0   120
Wilmington            34 13.2   77 55.8     9
Winston-Salem         36 06.0   80 15.6   282

NORTH DAKOTA
Bismarck              46 48.6  100 46.8   540
Fargo                 46 52.2   96 47.4   295
Grand Forks           47 55.0   97 05.0     -
Minot                 48 14.4  101 18.0   509

OHIO
Akron                 41 05.0   81 30.7   287
Canton                40 50.0   81 25.0   338
Cincinnati            39 08.4   84 30.6   180
Cleveland             41 28.8   81 39.6   217
Cleveland Heights     41 30.0   81 35.0     -
Columbus              39 58.8   82 59.4   256
Dayton                39 45.0   84 15.0   188
Elyria                41 22.0   82 07.0     -
Euclid                41 34.0   81 32.0     -
Hamilton              39 22.0   84 33.0   197

OHIO
Kettering             39 40.0   84 15.0     -
Lakewood              41 29.0   81 48.0     -
Lima                  40 45.0   84 06.0   284
Lorain                41 28.0   82 10.0   200
Mansfield             40 45.0   82 30.0     -
Parma                 41 23.0   81 44.0     -
Springfield           39 55.0   83 50.0   322
Steubenville          40 22.0   80 37.0   217
Toledo                41 40.2   83 34.2   192
Warren                41 15.0   80 50.0     -
Youngstown            41 05.4   80 39.0   276

OKLAHOMA
Clinton               35 31.0   98 59.0     -
Enid                  36 23.7   97 52.5   407
Lawton                34 36.0   98 25.0     -
Midwest City          35 26.0   97 23.0     -
Norman                35 13.0   97 25.0     -
Muskogee              35 44.0   95 21.0     -
Oklahoma City         35 28.8   97 31.8   422
Ponca City            36 42.0   97 05.0     -
Tulsa                 36 08.4   95 56.4   264

OREGON
Burns                 43 35.0  119 05.0     -
Corvallis             44 34.0  123 16.0     -
Eugene                44 03.0  123 06.0   138
Medford               42 19.0  122 52.0     -
Pendleton             45 40.2  118 48.0     -
Portland              45 31.2  122 39.0     7
Salem                 44 55.8  123 01.8    51

PENNSYLVANIA
Allentown             40 35.0   75 30.0    84
Altoona               40 25.0   78 25.0   387
Bethlehem             40 40.0   75 25.0    77
Erie                  42 07.2   80 04.8   225
Harrisburg            40 16.2   76 52.8   120
Lancaster             40 05.0   76 20.0   116
Penn Hills            40 28.0   79 51.0     -
Philadelphia          40 00.0   75 09.0    33
Pittsburgh            40 26.4   79 58.2   245
Reading               40 20.0   75 55.0    87
Scranton              41 24.6   75 40.2   238
Upper Darby           39 58.0   75 16.0     -
Whitehall             40 22.0   79 59.0     -
Wilkes-Barre          41 14.5   75 53.3   210

RHODE ISLAND
Cranston              41 46.0   71 25.0     -
East Providence       41 49.0   71 22.0     -
Pawtucket             41 53.0   71 23.0     -
Providence            41 49.2   71 25.8     -
Warwick               41 42.0   71 27.0    26

SOUTH CAROLINA
Charleston            32 48.6   79 57.6     3
Columbia              34 00.6   81 00.0    62
Greenville            34 51.0   82 23.4   317
North Charleston      32 49.0   79 57.0     -
Spartanburg           34 56.4   81 55.8   287

SOUTH DAKOTA
Pierre                44 22.2  100 20.4   486
Rapid City            44 04.2  103 13.8  1060
Sioux Falls           43 32.4   96 42.6   364

TENNESSEE
Chattanooga           35 02.4   85 16.8   221
Clarksville           36 30.0   87 23.0     -
Knoxville             35 58.8   83 56.4   292
Memphis               35 07.2   89 59.4    90
Nashville             36 09.6   86 46.2   194

TEXAS
Abilene               32 25.0   99 45.0   561
Amarillo              35 12.0  101 51.0  1209
Arlington             32 44.0   97 07.0     -
Austin                30 17.4   97 43.8   196
Baytown               29 44.0   95 01.0     -
Beaumont              30 04.8   94 07.2     7
Brownsville           25 54.6   97 29.4     5
Corpus Christi        27 45.0   97 24.6    11
Dallas                32 47.4   96 47.4   143
El Paso               31 47.4  106 25.2  1285
Fort Worth            32 44.9   97 19.7   220
Galveston             29 18.0   94 48.6     2
Garland               32 55.0   96 39.0     -
Grand Prairie         32 45.0   97 00.0     -
Houston               29 45.0   95 23.4    13
Irving                32 49.0   96 57.0     -
Laredo                27 31.0   99 29.0   144
Longview              32 29.0   94 44.0     -
Lubbock               33 35.0  101 51.0  1048
McAllen               26 12.0   98 13.0     -
Mesquite              32 46.0   96 35.0     -
Midland               32 05.0  102 05.0     -
Odessa                31 51.0  102 22.0     -
Pasadena              29 43.0   95 13.0     -
Plano                 33 01.0   96 42.0     -
Port Arthur           29 52.0   93 59.0     3
Plainsview            34 11.0  101 43.0     -
Richardson            32 56.0   96 44.0     -
San Angelo            31 28.0  100 22.0   605
San Antonio           29 25.8   98 30.0   213
Tyler                 32 21.0   95 19.0     -
Victoria              28 48.0   97 00.0     -
Waco                  31 33.2   97 08.0   133
Wichita Falls         33 54.0   98 30.0   310

UTAH
Logan                 41 46.0  111 51.0     -
Ogden                 41 13.5  111 58.4  1409
Orem                  40 15.0  111 50.0     -
Provo                 40 15.0  111 40.0  1493
Salt Lake City        40 45.6  111 52.2  1385
Sandy City            40 36.0  111 53.0     -

VERMONT
Brattleboro           42 51.1   72 33.8    98
Burlington            44 28.8   73 13.2    36
Montpelier            44 15.6   72 34.2   159

VIRGINIA
Alexandria            38 49.2   77 04.8     -
Arlington             38 55.0   77 10.0     -
Bristol               36 36.6   82 10.8     -
Charlottesville       38 02.4   78 29.4     -
Chesapeake            38 48.0   76 16.0     -
Danville              36 35.4   79 24.0     -
Hampton               37 02.0   76 21.0     -
Lynchburg             37 24.6   79 09.6     -
Newport News          37 03.0   76 28.8     -
Norfolk               36 54.0   76 16.2     3
Petersburg            37 13.2   77 24.0     -
Portsmouth            36 50.0   76 19.0     3
Richmond              37 32.4   77 27.6    52
Roanoke               37 16.8   79 57.6   297
Virginia Beach        36 50.0   75 58.0     -

WASHINGTON
Bellevue              47 37.0  122 12.0     -
Billingham            48 45.0  122 28.6     -
Everett               47 59.0  122 11.0     -
Mt. Rainier           46 50.0  121 45.0     -
Olympia               47 03.0  122 53.0     -
Pullman               46 46.0  117 09.0     -
Richland              46 17.0  119 17.0     -
Seattle               47 37.8  122 19.8   131
Spokane               47 40.2  117 24.6   773
Tacoma                47 16.0  122 30.0    36
Walla Walla           46 05.0  118 18.0     -
Yakima                46 35.7  120 30.8   348

WEST VIRGINIA
Charleston            38 21.0   81 37.8   197
Greenbank             38 26.3   79 50.2     -
Huntington            38 24.6   82 25.8   185
Wheeling              40 04.2   80 42.0   213

WISCONSIN
Appleton              44 14.0   88 27.0     -
Eau Claire            44 48.6   91 30.0     -
Green Bay             44 30.0   88 04.0   194
Janesville            42 41.0   89 03.0     -
Kenosha               42 34.0   87 50.0     -
La Crosse             43 48.6   91 13.8     -
Madison               43 05.4   89 23.4   282
Milwaukee             43 03.0   87 57.0   208
Oshkosh               44 01.0   88 35.0     -
Racine                42 43.0   87 49.0   207
Sheboygan             43 45.6   87 44.9   207
Waukesha              43 01.0   88 13.0     -
Wauwatosa             43 03.0   88 00.0     -
West Allis            43 01.0   88 01.0     -

WYOMING
Casper                42 50.4  106 19.2     -
Cheyenne              41 08.4  104 48.0  2010
Sheridan              44 47.8  106 57.7  1301


Europe
European Cities

Location Name        Latitude Longitude   Alt
                     Deg  Min  Deg  Min    m
ANDORRA
Andorra la Vella      42 30.0N   1 31.0E 1162

AUSTRIA
Vienna                48 13.0N  16 20.0E  218

BELGIUM
Antwerp               51 13.0N   4 25.0E    -
Brussels              50 50.0N   4 20.0E    -
Liege                 50 38.0N   5 34.0E    -

BYELARUS
Minsk                 53 54.0N  27 35.0E  242

CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Ostrava               49 50.0N  18 17.0E    -
Prague                50 05.0N  14 28.0E  217

DENMARK
Copenhagen            55 40.0N  12 35.0E   14

ESTONIA
Tallinn               59 26.0N  24 44.0E    -

FINLAND
Helsinki              60 10.0N  24 58.0E   10

FRANCE
Bordeaux              44 50.0N   0 34.0W   52
Lille                 50 38.0N   3 04.0E   46
Lyon                  45 43.0N   5 04.0E  308
Marseille             43 18.0N   5 24.0E   81
Paris                 48 52.0N   2 20.0E   54
Toulouse              43 36.0N   1 26.0E  177

GERMANY
Aachen                50 47.0N   6 05.0E    -
Berlin                52 31.0N  13 24.0E   61
Bielefeld             52 01.0N   8 31.0E    -
Bonn                  50 44.0N   7 05.0E    -
Bremen                53 04.0N   8 49.0E   17
Dortmund              51 31.0N   7 28.0E    -
Dresden               51 03.0N  13 44.0E    -
Duisburg              51 25.0N   6 46.0E    -
Dusseldorf            51 12.0N   6 47.0E    -
Essen                 52 43.0N   7 57.0E    -
Frankfurt             50 07.0N   8 40.0E  111
Hamburg               53 33.0N   9 59.0E   22
Hannover              52 24.0N   9 44.0E    -
Koln                  50 56.0N   6 59.0E    -
Leipzig               51 19.0N  12 20.0E    -
Mannheim              49 29.0N   8 29.0E    -
Munich                48 08.0N  11 35.0E  571
Nurnberg              49 27.0N  11 04.0E  344
Stuttgart             48 46.0N   9 11.0E    -
Wiesbaden             50 05.0N   8 14.0E    -
Wuppertal             51 16.0N   7 11.0E    -

HUNGARY
Budapest              47 30.0N  19 05.0E  129

IRELAND
Dublin                53 20.0N   6 15.0W   51

ITALY
Bologna               44 29.0N  11 20.0E    -
Catania               37 30.0N  15 06.0E    -
Florence              43 46.0N  11 15.0E    -
Genova                44 25.0N   8 57.0E  104
Milano                45 28.0N   9 12.0E    -
Napoli                40 51.0N  14 17.0E   27
Palermo               38 07.0N  13 21.0E  116
Rome                  41 54.0N  12 29.0E  124
Torino                45 03.0N   7 40.0E    -

LATVIA
Riga                  56 57.0N  24 06.0E    -

LIECHTENSTEIN
Vaduz                 47 09.0N   9 31.0E    -

LITHUANIA
Vilnius               54 40.0N  25 26.0E    -

LUXEMBOURG
Luxembourg            49 36.0N   6 09.0E  360

MALTA
Valletta              35 54.0N  14 31.0E   76

MONACO
Monaco                43 44.0N   7 25.0E   59

NETHERLANDS
Amsterdam             52 22.0N   4 54.0E    2
Rotterdam             51 55.0N   4 28.0E    -
S'Gravenhage          52 06.0N   4 18.0E    -
Utrecht               52 05.0N   5 08.0E    -

NORWAY
Oslo                  59 55.0N  10 45.0E  101

POLAND
Gdansk                54 23.0N  18 40.0E   12
Krakow                50 03.0N  19 58.0E  237
Lodz                  51 46.0N  19 30.0E    -
Lukanowice            50 00.0N  20 33.6E    -
Poznan                52 25.0N  16 55.0E    -
Warsaw                52 15.0N  21 00.0E   96
Wroclaw               51 06.0N  17 00.0E  158

PORTUGAL
Lisbon                38 43.0N   9 08.0W  103
Porto                 41 10.0N   8 36.0W    -

SAN MARINO
San Marino            43 55.0N  12 28.0E    -

SPAIN
Barcelona             41 23.0N   2 11.0E  102
Bilbao                43 15.0N   2 58.0W    -
Madrid                40 24.0N   3 41.0W  718
Malaga                36 34.0N   4 25.0W    -
Seville               37 23.0N   5 59.0W   32
Valencia              39 28.0N   0 22.0E   26
Zaragoza              41 38.0N   0 53.0E    -

SWEDEN
Goteborg              57 43.0N  11 58.0E   18
Stockholm             59 20.0N  18 03.0E   48

SWITZERLAND
Basel                 47 33.0N   7 35.0E    -
Bern                  46 57.0N   7 26.0E  616
Zurich                47 23.0N   8 32.0E  531

UKRAINE
L'vov                 49 50.0N  24 00.0E  321

UNITED KINGDOM
Belfast               54 35.0N   5 55.0W   19
Birmingham            52 29.0N   1 55.0W  176
Bristol               51 27.0N   2 35.0W    -
Cardiff               51 29.0N   3 13.0W   67
Coventry              52 25.0N   1 30.0W    -
Edinburgh             55 57.0N   3 13.0W  145
Glasgow               55 53.0N   5 15.0W    -
Leeds                 53 50.0N   1 35.0W    -
Liverpool             53 25.0N   2 55.0W   65
London                51 30.0N   0 10.0E   49
Manchester            53 28.0N   2 15.0W    -
Middlesbrough         54 35.0N   1 14.0W    -
Newcastle             52 26.0N   3 06.0W    -
Nottingham            52 58.0N   1 10.0W    -
Sheffield             53 23.0N   1 28.0W    -

YUGOSLAVIA
Belgrade              44 50.0N  20 30.0E  149
Zagreb                45 48.0N  15 58.0E    -


Australia
Australian Cities

Location Name        Latitude Longitude   Alt
                     Deg  Min  Deg  Min    m

Adelaide              34 55.0S 138 35.0E   -
Brisbane              27 28.0S 153 02.0E   -
Broken Hill           31 57.0S 141 27.0E   -
Canberra              35 17.0S 149 08.0E   -
Darwin                12 28.0S 130 50.0E   -
Fremantle             32 03.0S 115 45.0E   -
Marathon              20 49.0S 143 34.0E   -
Melbourne             37 49.0S 144 58.0E   -
New Castle            32 56.0S 151 46.0E   -
Perth                 31 56.0S 115 50.0E   -
Sydney                33 52.0S 151 13.0E   -
Townsville            19 16.0S 146 48.0E   -
Wollongong            34 25.0S 150 54.0E   -


OtherCities
Other World Cities

Location Name        Latitude Longitude   Alt
                     Deg  Min  Deg  Min    m

AFRICA
Cape of Good Hope     31 00.0S  23 00.0E   -
Cape Town             33 55.0S  18 22.0E   -
Johannesburg          26 15.0S  28 00.0E   -

EGYPT
Cairo                 30 08.0N  31 24.0E   -

HONG KONG
Hong Kong             22 15.0N 114 11.0E   -

JAPAN
Tokyo                 35 45.0N 139 30.0E   -

NEW ZEALAND
Auckland              36 53.0S 174 45.0E   -
Dunedin               45 53.0S 170 30.0E   -
Wellington            41 18.0S 174 46.0E   -

RUSSIA
Moscow                55 45.0N  37 35.0E   -

SWEDEN
Stockholm             59 20.0N  18 03.0E   -

TAZMANIA
Hobart                43 00S   147 10.0E   -


Selecting the Language

     Earlier versions of EarthSun have spread around the world, finding homes
in countries such as Australia, Germany, England, France and Israel.  As a result of
this widespread international use, a need arose for the ability to support people
who speak in tongues other than my native English.  Since then, I have received many
new languages and have included them as well.  I'm now pleased to announce that
EarthSun can display the icon's title in any of 56 languages.

     To select a language, use the Language list box to choose either English,
French, Italian, Spanish, German, Dutch, Afrikaans, Portugese, Irish, Welsh, Breton,
Cornish, Danish, Swedish, Norwegian, Finnish, Icelandic, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Czech,
Slovene, Slovak, Croatian, Serbocroatian, Bulgarian, Romanian, Hungarian, Lithuanian,
Estonian, Turkish, Albanian, Mongolian, Chinese, Japanese (Roman), Hawaiian, Arabic,
Urdu, Farsi, Zulu, Kirundi, Oromo, Somali, Hindi, Telugu, Sanskrit, Tamil, Thai, Indonesian,
Tagalog, Hebrew, Yiddish, Esperanto, Greek, Latin and the fictional language Klingon.
The names and abbreviations of the months and days-of-the-week that display in the
icon's title will now appear in your selected language.

  For something a little more interesting and to get a taste of other world
languages, click the Random button on to have EarthSun randomly select a
language for you each time the program starts.  Note that a new random language
is selected before entering the About box instead of after, allowing you
to select a specific one until the next time you use the About box.

     Note that due to limitations in the characters that can be displayed, I had
to sometimes substitute accented characters with either similar accented characters
or with just the unaccented character.  This is especially true with the Polish
and Czech languages.  Also, some of the Hungarian months may not be correct; if you
know what they should be, please send them to me.  Finally, I am interested
in supporting as many different languages as I have access to, so if you know of
another language that is not currently supported, please send it to me so I can
include it in future versions of EarthSun.

  If you are interested in learning about the origin of some of the month and
day names, and how different languages have derived similar names, please read the
word origin section for a brief overview.

     Finally, to lay aside any question that I'm possibly an expert student of world
languages, many thanks to the resources at Uris Hall and Olin Hall on the Cornell
University campus for providing me with the many "English-to-xxx" dictionaries
I used for this project, and to Eric Rickin.


Modern Greek

Days of the week in modern Greek:

Sunday     Kuriak`h    Keeriakee            (Day) of the Lord
Monday     Deut`era    Theftera or Dheftera Second (day)
Tuesday    Tr`ith      Treetee              Third (day)
Wednesday  Tet`arth    Tetartee             Fourth (day)
Thursday   P`empth     Pemptee              Fifth (day)
Friday     Paraskeu`h  Paraskevee           (Day) of preparation/
                                            production
Saturday   S`abbato    Savato               from Jewish

Months of the year in modern Greek:

January    Ianou`arios   Eeanouareeos
February   Febrou`arios  Fevrouareeos
March      M`artios      Marteeos
April      Apr`ilios     Apreeleeos
May        M`aios        Maeeos
June       Io`unios      Eeouneeos
July       Io`ulios      Eeouleeos
August     A`ugoustos    Avyoustos
September  Sept`embrios  Septemvreeos
October    Okt`wbrios    Oktovreeos
November   No`embrios    Noemvreeos
December   Dek`embrios   Dekemvreeos

This note applies to both day names and month names:

The second column is one-to-one mapping of Greek letters to ascii (latin)
characters assuming that the Greek alphabet is a b g d e z h q i k l m n j
o p r s t u f x y w.
The third column is an attempt for an English-speaking person to pronounce
the days.  The ` means accent (i.e. louder voice)
The fourth column for day names is the meaning of the name (sort of
etymological).
The meaning of the month names comes from Roman history
(Roman emperors), and I suppose it is the same as in
English.

About the month names in ancient Greek:
Here are the month names, with pronounciation for English
speakers and information on which Greek tribes who used the names.

Artem`isios     Artemeeseeos    Dorians, Macedonians
Apella~ios      Apeleos         Dorians, Macedonians
P`an[ah]mos     Pan[a|ee]mos    Ionians, Macedonians
(Omo)L~wos      (Omo)Lo-os      Thessalians, Macedonians
(Qeo)Da`isios   (Theo)Dheseeos  Macedonians, Dorians, Aiolians
D`ios           Dheeos          Myceneans, Macedonians
Auduna~ios      Avdeeneos       Macedonians, Thracians
Uperbereta~ios  Eepervereteos   Macedonians, Thracians
Gorpia~ios      Yorpee-eos      Macedonians
D`ustros        Dheestros       Macedonians

Note that I used two types of accents in ancient Greek, ` and ~.
Also, that an `i' is pronounced as a short ee, but an `h' is pronounced as
a long ee, and an `u' is pronounced as a thin ee.

Christina C. Christara (ccc@cs.toronto.edu)


Klingon

   There is, no surprise here, a large interest in Klingon on the network.
There is alt.startrek.klingon just to begin with.  Their FAQ gives pointers
to references (dictionaries, grammar books.. ) language tapes ("Conversational
Klingon" and "Power Klingon") and the correspondence courses. There are also
many linguists on the net who discuss klingonnesse (tlhIngan Hol) as an offshoot.

DAYS OF WEEK, MONTHS & SEASONS IN KLINGON

by G.F. Proechel

One of the frustrations in speaking and writing Klingon is the absence of
what for Earthlings are very elementary concepts.  The days of the week,
months and seasons fall in that category.  Since these concepts of time are
based on elementary facets of the reality of our solar system and the
interaction of a number of heavenly bodies within our solar system, it is
hardly surprising that beings who exist in a very different astronomical
reality would not have words which correspond to these aspects of the solar
system.  We can talk about such things in Klingon, however, without having
to resort to English.

The concept of the week and its seven days was invented in a time when
astrologers were not really aware of the three outermost planets:
Neptune, Uranus, and Pluto.  (Even now, some people believe that we have not
discovered all the planets.)  Thus, the Earth shared the solar system with
seven other heavenly bodies: the Sun, the Moon and five other planets.  It
was from these seven heavenly bodies that the concept of the week was
developed and from which we derived the names for the days of the week.
Many Terran cultures seem satisfied to refer to the days of the week by
first day, second day, etc.  This can be easily accomplished in Klingon.
That would give us Sunday as jaj wa'DIch (It must be remembered that ordinals
come AFTER the thing they modify, so the equivalents of first, second,
third, etc. will always come AFTER jaj.)

       Sun: jaj wa'DIch
       Mon: jaj cha'DIch
       Tue: jaj wejDIch
       Wed: jaj loSDIch
       Thu: jaj vaghDIch
       Fri: jaj javDIch
       Sat: jaj SochDIch

Since Sunday and Monday are named after the Sun and Moon respectively, it
would also be possible to translate them literally.  We don't know the name
of the Klingon Sun, at least it's not given in the Klingon
Dictionary, but we know that we can refer to it as the Home Star.
This would give us:

       juH Hov jaj: 'Home Star Day' for Sunday
and
       maS jaj: for Monday.

The Klingon Dictionary does give us a word for week, Hogh, although we have
no information about what a week is in Klingon terms.

In the months as well we have no alternative but to number them from one to
twelve.  Here's the result:

       jar wa'Dich - Jan.
       jar cha'Dich - Feb.
       jar wejDich - Mar.
       jar loSDich - Apr.
       jar vaghDich - May
       jar javDich - June
       jar SochDich - July
       jar chorghDich - Aug.
       jar HutDich - Sept.
       jar wa'maHDich - Oct.
       jar wa'maHwa'Dich - Nov.
       jar wa'maHcha'Dich - Dec.

This is, perhaps, a not-very-attractive solution, but it is a practical one.

It should be noted that the word for year is DIS.  This seems to be a play
on words: jar for month and dish for year.

The seasons too, present a problem, as we have no idea of the cycle of
nature which occurs in the Klingon home world.  It would be possible to
describe our seasons in Klingon, however, and thus approximate the idea of
Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter.  If we take the Klingon word poH meaning
time and extend its meaning to accomodate season we could talk about the
cold time (winter), the hot time (Summer), and the green time (Spring).
When we get to fall, the problem gets trickier, as our concept of Fall
comes from falling leaves and we do not have a word for leaf.  Furthermore,
it is questionable whether we can justify the verb pum: to fall as a
stative verb.  Our best bet seems to be to take our cue from 4.2.9 and
assume that pum can be used as a noun as well as a verb.  That would be
give us the following names for the seasons:

       Spring: poH Sud
       Summer: poH tuj
       Fall  : pum or pum poH
       Winter: poH bIr

I hope this little essay makes it easier for people who want to talk about
time and seasons on planet Earth in Klingon.  This is the best we can do
without creating neologisms at the moment.

--  Stuart C. Spivack * The Ohio State Univeristy *
``Any man more right than his neighbors constitutes a majority of one.''
Henry David Thoreau
<sspivack@magnus.acs.ohio-state.edu>


Zulu

Zulu words for days:

Monday   : uMsombuluko
Tuesday  : uLwesibili
Wednesday: uLwesithathu
Thursday : uLwesine
Friday   : uLwesihlanu
Saturday : uMgqibelo
Sunday   : iSonto

Zulu words for months:

January  : uNhlolanja
February : uNdasa
March    : uMbasa
April    : uNhlaba
May      : uNhlangulana
June     : uNtulikazi
July     : uNcwaba
August   : uMandulo
September: uMfumfu
October  : uLwezi
November : uZibandlela
December : uMasingana

   The Zulu months above are really lunar months.  This is the best
approximation to give you.  In reality, the Zulu mostly use the English
words for months now.

   The Zulu words for the days of the week are often used, but English will be
known and commonly used, too.

Dennis Eaton <DWE104@PSUVM.PSU.EDU>


Breton

Monday        Lun
Tuesday       Meurzh
Wednesday     Merc'her
Thursday      Yaou
Friday        Gwener
Saturday      Sadorn
Sunday        Sul

Week              Sizhun
During the week   war ar sizhun
Weekend           dibenn-sizhun

January     Genver
February    C'hwevrer
March       Meurzh
April       Ebrel      (April-Fool: pesk Ebrel)
May         Mae
June        Even
July        Gouere
August      Eost
September   Gwengolo
October     Here
November    Du
December    Kerzu

The dictionary I have is "Elementary English-Breton Dictionary" by R.
Delaporte, #ISBN: 2 86863 044 8   (1990)

It is interesting looking at the words that they use for days and months,
since English days & months are generally based from Roman times and the
Celtic words are only adaptations of those Roman/Latin words.

Shelley Choquer                * Reaching out from my little Corner of the *
(shelley_choquer@sunshine.net)                 * World *


Cornish

Days of the week:

Sunday          de-Sul
Monday          de-Lun
Tuesday         de-Merth
Wednesday       de-Mergher
Thursday        de-Yow
Friday          de-Gwener
Saturday        de-Sadorn

Months:

January         mys-Genver
February        mys-Whevrer
March           mys-Merth
April           mys-Ebrel
May             mys-Me
June            mys-Metheven
July            mys-Gortheren
August          mys-Est
September       mys-Gwyngala
October         mys-Hedra
November        mys-Du
December        mys-Kevardhu

   Source: "Gerlyver Noweth Kernewek" gans R. Morton Nance (1990)
(note that the above book contains an error in the rendition of
"de-Gwener"; the above rendition is correct)

   There are interesting similarities (and differences) among
Breton, Welsh and Cornish.  I have not included the accents; there
are quite a lot of them, but they are really not necessary.

-------------------------------------------------------
Doc Evans NQ0I / G4AMJ : devans@orion.colorado.edu
                         al019@freenet.hsc.colorado.edu
-------------------------------------------------------


Urdu

The months in Urdu are as follows:

          Janwary
          Farwary
          March
          Aprail
          Ma'i
          June
          July
          Agast
          Satamber
          Actuber
          November
          December

They are similiar to the English months but the pronounciation is
different.

Lunar calendar is also followed in Pakistan whose months are:

          Muharram
          Safar
          Rabi I
          Rabi II
          Jamadi I
          Jamadi II
          Rajab
          Shaban
          Ramadhan
          Shawwal
          Dhu'l Qad
          Dhu'l Hajj

The days are as follows:

          Sunday         Itwar
          Monday         Pir
          Tuesday        Mangal
          Wednesday      Budh
          Thursday       Jum'arat
          Friday         Jum'a
          Saturday       Hafta

  The names of the months are the same with slight difference in
pronounciation.

Khurram <zaka_ltd@uhura.cc.rochester.edu>


Hindi

   In India, two types of calendars are followed.  The Lunar calendar is used
to mark festivals in India, whereas the Solar calendar is used in all
official matters.  The Solar calendar follows:

January       Janvari
February      Farvari
March         March
April         Aprail
May           Mayee
June          June
July          July
August        August
September     Sitambar
October       Actoobar
November      Navambar
December      Desambar

Monday        Somvaar
Tuesday       Mangalvaar
Wednesday     Budhvaar
Thursday      Guruvaar  (or Brahaspativaar)
Friday        Shukravaar
Saturday      Shanivaar
Sunday        Ravivaar   (or Itvaar)

Rajat Moona <moona@au-bon-pain.lcs.mit.edu>


Telugu

TELUGU LANGUAGE:

History:

Language of the Dravidian family, spoken in southeastern India.
It is the official language of the state of Andhra Pradesh.  There
are several distinct regional dialects in Telugu; the formal, or
literary, language is also distinct from the spoken dialects, a
situation known as diglossia.  Telugu, like other Dravidian languages,
has a series of retroflex consonants (e.g., tAh, dAh, nNa; sounds
pronounced with the tip of the tongue curled back against the roof
of the mouth) and it indicates such grammatical categories as case,
number, person, and tense with suffixes.  Reduplication (repetition of
words or syllables to create new forms) is common - e.g., pakapaka
"suddenly bursting out laughing," garagara "clean, neat, nice."
Written materials in Telugu date from 633 AD, and literature begins
with a version of the Hindu epic, the Mahabharatham, by the Telugu
writer Nannaya, dating from the 10th or 11th century.  Telugu
literature flowered in the early 16th century under the Vijayanagar
Empire, of which Telugu was the court language.  Telugu is now the
second most-spoken language (next to Hindi) in India.

Weekdays:

The word varamu literally means 'week' and it acts as a suffix;
and each day refers to a planet.

English                 Telugu                  Planet

Monday                  Somavaramu              Moon
Tuesday                 Mangalavaramu           Mars
Wednesday               Budhavaramu             Mercury
Thursday                Guruvaramu              Jupiter
Friday                  Sukravaramu             Venus
Saturday                Sanivaramu              Saturn
Sunday                  Adhivaramu              Sun

Months:

The month (masam in Telugu) names refer to the stars (nakshatrams).
Though there are 27 stars, only 14 stars are being referred
to the months, the closest star to Moon on the Full Moon Day
(Pournami) of that month.

English         Actual          Telugu          Star

January         15Jan->14Feb    Margasheersha   Mrigasera
February        15Feb->14Mar    Pushyami        Pushyami
March           15Mar->14Apr    Maargha         Makha
April           15Apr->14May    Phalguna        Phalguna
May             15May->14Jun    Chaitra         Chitra
June            15Jun->14Jul    Vaishakha       Visakha
July            15Jul->14Aug    Jyeshta         Jyeshta
August          15Aug->14Sep    Aashadha        Uttara/Purva
                                                Ashada
September       15Sep->14Oct    Shravana        Shravana
October         15Oct->14Nov    Bhadrapadha     Uttara/Purva
                                                Bhadra
November        15Nov->14Dec    Ashveeyuja      Aswani
December        15Dec->14Jan    Kartikha        Krithika

-----
From 'Encylopedia Britanica' and from my knowledge (as taught by my parents).

Jagadeesh Aluri (alurijb%phvax.dnet@sb.com)


Tamil

   Tamil is spoken in Northern India. The Tamil word 'kizhamai' means
'belonging to' and this is added at the end of every word just like 'day'
is added in English.

thingaL kizhamai  = Monday  (literally, thingaL = Moon)
cevvAyk kizhamai  = Tuesday (cevvAy = red planet = Mars)
puthan kizhamai   = Wednesday (puthan = Mercury)
viyAzhak kizhamai = Thursday (viyAzhan = Jupiter)
veLLik kizhamai   = Friday (veLLi = Venus; means 'white'
                    or 'silvery')
canik kizhamai    = Saturday (cani = Saturn; means 'cool')
NYAyiRu kizhamai  = Sunday (NYAyiRu = Sun)

Months:

   The Tamil months begin when Sun enters each of the 12 constellations.
Thus it does not coincide with English months but it coincides with
Zodiac sign-based birth days.

    The *approximate* dates:

    ciththirai  : April 14- May 15 -- say, mid Apr to mid May
    vaikAsi     : May 15 -                 mid May to mid June
    Ani         : June 15-                 mid June to mid July
    Adi         : July 15-
    AvaNi       : Aug 15-
    purattAsi   : Sept 15-
    aippasi     : Oct 15-
    kArththigai : Nov 15-
    mArkazhi    : Dec 15-
    thai        : Jan 15-
    mAsi        : Feb 15-
    pankuni     : Mar 15-

         The names of the months refer to either the constellation the Sun
is entering, or one of the stars in the constellation in which the Sun
is entering.

C. R. Selvakumar <selvakum@sun14.vlsi.uwaterloo.ca>


Hebrew

Days of the week:

Eng.Name    Heb.Name     Meaning   Common Abbreviation

Sunday      Yom Rishon   1st day   Aleph (1st letter of alphabet)
Monday      Yom Sheni    2nd day   Bet (2nd letter of alphabet)
Tuesday     Yom Shlishi  3rd day   Gimmel (3rd letter of alphabet)
Wednesday   Yom Revi`i   4th day   Dalet (4th letter of alphabet)
Thursday    Yom Hamishi  5th day   hei (5th letter of alphabet)
Friday      Yom Shishi   6th day   Vav (6th letter of alphabet)
Saturday    Yom Shabbat  Rest day  Shin (21st letter of alphhabet)

Months of Hebrew year:

Approximate common months are in parenthesis:

Tishrei     =(Sep-Oct)
Heshvan     =(Oct-Nov)
Kislev      =(Nov-Dec)
Tevet       =(Dec-Jan)
Shvat       =(Jan-Feb)
Adar        =(Feb-Mar) * Only in 12 months year
Adar Aleph' =(Feb-Mar) * Only in 13 months year
Adar Bet'   =(Mar-Apr) * Only in 13 months year
Nissan      =(Mar-Apr)
Iyar        =(Apr-May)
Sivan       =(May-Jun)
Tamuz       =(Jun-Jul)
Av          =(Jul-Aug)
Elul        =(Aug-Sep)

Common Month names:

Jan  Yanu'ar
Feb  Febru'ar
Mar  Merts
Apr  April
May  Mai
Jun  Yuni
Jul  Yuli
Aug  Ogust
Sep  September
Oct  October
Nov  November
Dec  Detsember

Yair I. Friedman  yair@cs.huji.ac.il    yair@HUJICS.BITNET

A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher
a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts,
build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying,  take orders, give orders,
cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure,
program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly.
Specialization is for insects.
             -- Robert A. Heinlein


Yiddish

   Following are the standard Yiddish names, transcribed according to the YIVO
convention.  Consonants are pronounced as in English, vowels as in continental
languages.  The consonant cluster "kh", as in "mitvokh" is pronounced like the
"ch" in German "lachen" or in Scottish "loch".  The diphthong "ay", as in
"fraytik" and "may", is pronounced like the "i" in "high".

Days:

Sunday     zuntik
Monday     montik
Tuesday    dinstik
Wednesday  mitvokh
Thursday   donershtik
Friday     fraytik
Saturday   shabes

Months:

January    yanuar
February   februar
March      marts
April      april
May        may
June       yuni
July       yuli
August     oygust
September  september
October    oktober
November   november
December   detsember

Seymour Axelrod <PTYAXEL@ubvms.cc.buffalo.edu>


Thai

Days of the week:

Sunday         Wan Arthit     (wan-?aa-thit^)
Monday         Wan Jan        (wan-jan-)
Tuesday        Wan Angkarn    (wan-?ang-khaan-)
Wednesday      Wan Phut       (wan-phut")
Thursday       Wan Pharuehas  (wan-pha"rU"hat')
Friday         Wan Sook       (wan-suk')
Saturday       Wan Sao        (wan-saw+)

Months of the year:

January        Mokarakom      (mak"ka'raa-khom)
February       Gumphaphan     (kum-phaa-phan-)
March          Meenakom       (mii-naa-khom-)
April          Mesayon        (mee-saa+yon-)
May            Persapakom     (phU"sa'phaa-khom-)
June           Mithunayon     (mii"thu'naa-yon-)
July           Galakgadakom   (ka'lak^ka'daa-khom-)
August         Singhakom      (sing+haa+khom-)
September      Ganyayon       (kan'yaa-yon-)
October        Tulakom        (tu'laa-khom-)
November       Persajigayon   (phUt"sa'ji'kaa-yon-)
December       Thanwakom      (than-waa-khom-)

   Thai calendar also marks the moon condition, e.g. full moon, darkmoon.
Astrologers use 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and so on month, and waxing moon days,
or waning moon days.  These jargons are less used nowadays by the general
public.

   Please ask a Thai friend to pronounce the above names for you.  The Thai
words in the 2nd column is arbritarily created by me.  The soc.culture.thai
(SCT) convention, in the 3rd column, is no better universal.  Even in the
SCT  itself, the romanization (transliteration?) it not necessarily shared
by  most of its readers. Nonetheless, in case you want to see the complete
text  of the transciption (transliteration) system, please consult the
language section of the SCT FAQ appeared early on the SCT list.

Samart Srijumnong <ssg9328@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu>


Indonesian

Days of the week:

Senin  = Monday
Selasa = Tuesday
Rabu   = Wednesday
Kamis  = Thursday
Jum'at = Friday
Sabtu  = Saturday
Minggu = Sunday

Below is the name of 12 months in one international year calendar:

Januari   = January
Februari  = February
Maret     = March
April     = April
Mei       = May
Juni      = June
Juli      = July
Agustus   = August
September = September
Oktober   = October
Nopember  = November
Desember  = December

Widya B. Wahono <wbwg2524@uxa.cso.uiuc.edu>


Tagalog

Tagalog is the Fillipino language.

Days:

Monday      Lunes
Tuesday     Martes
Wednesday   Miyerkoles
Thursday    Huwebes
Friday      Biyernes
Saturday    Sabado
Sunday      Linggo

Months:

January     Enero
February    Pebrero
March       Marso
April       Abril
May         Mayo
June        Hunyo
July        Hulyo
August      Agosto
September   Setyembre
October     Oktubre
November    Nobyembre
December    Disyembre

Other words:

month                   buwan
day                     araw
Christmas               Pasko
New Year                Bagong Taon
Holy Week               Mahal na Araw
Valentine's Day         Araw ng mga Puso
All Soul's Day          Araw ng mga Patay
Independece Day         Araw ng Kalayaan
Thanksgiving Day        Araw ng Pasasalamat

Michael Hopkins <ajax@netcom.com>


Ukrainian
Ukranian

Ukrainian Days of the Week:

Monday    = ponedilok
Tuesday   = vivtorok
Wednesday = sereda
Thursday  = chetver
Friday    = pyatnytsya
Saturday  = subota
Sunday    = nedilya

Ukrainian Months of the Year:

January    = sichen'
February   = lyutay = lyutyy
March      = berezen'
April      = kviten'
May        = traven'
June       = cherven'
July       = lypen'
August     = serpen'
Septemeber = veresen'
October    = zhoten'
November   = lystopad
December   = hruden'

   Ukraine uses the Gregorian calendar just like the rest of the world,
except for religious holidays, for which Ukraine uses the Julian calendar.
Therefore, Christmas = Dec. 25th (Gregorian) = January 7 (Julian).
Thus, Ukrainians celebrate Christmas on January 7th.

--
Myron Hlynka
Dept. of Math. & Stat.
University of Windsor
Windsor, Ontario, Canada
<hlynka@server.uwindsor.ca>


Somali

Somali is Somalia's native language.

Following are the names of the months first in Somali and their translations.
Let me say first that the Julian calendar is the official calendar in Somalia.
Although the Arabic (Islamic calender) was used, it's still used in the
country-side.  However, all the written materials use the Julian calendar.
The names of the months closely resemble the Julian months, as you'll notice.
They are little bit tranformed:

Jannaayo   (January)
Febraayo   (February)
Maarso     (March)
Abriil     (April)        * (B) is used, as the Somali
                            language has no (P).
Maajo      (May)
Juun       (June)
Luulyo     (July)
Ogosto     (August)
Sibteembar (September)
Oktoobar   (October)
Noofambar  (November)
Diisambar  (Dicemeber)

   For the Arabic names of the months, please contact some Arabic source as
I don't remember them correctly.  We used to hear them in the mosques and
from the old folk in the country-side.  In the towns, they are remembered in
the month of fasting (Ramadan), and some other religous and traditional
ocassions as well.

Below are the names of the days of the week, used in Somalia. They are
Arabic names:

Sabti (Saturday)    * They start with Saturday, as Friday is
                      a holiday.
Axad (Sunday)       * (X) is difficult to pronounce for
                      non-Arabic speakers.  They pronounce
                      it like H.  Axad goes something
                      like AHAD.
Isniin (Monday)
Talaado (Tuesday)
Arbaca (Wednesday)  * (C) has also a strict Arabic
                      pronounciation.  Non-arabic speakers
                      say it like A.  Arbaca = Arba'a.
                      I wish you could hear me say it in the
                      original form!
Khamiis (Thursday)
Jimce (Friday)      * In the calendar, it is usually writen
                      in red, as it is the Islamic holiday.

Abdullaahi Ali <a70971@uwasa.fi>


Oromo

   The following is the Oromo language known as AfaanOromo or Oromiffa.
Spoken by over over thirty million people in Oromia/Ethiopia and in Kenya,
this is one of the top three African languages.

DAYS OF THE WEEK

Dilbata   - Sunday
Wixata    - Monday
Kibxata   - Tuesday
Roobi     - Wednesday
Kamisa    - Thursday
Jimataata - Friday
Sambata   - Saturday

MONTHS OF THE YEAR

Amajjii      - January
Guraandhala  - February
Bitootessa   - March
Caamsaa      - April
Ebla         - May
Waxabajjii   - June
Adoolessa    - July
Hagayya      - August
Birraa       - September
Onkoloolessa - October
Saddasa      - November
Arfaasaa     - December

Makobili  (makobili@netcom.com)


Kirundi

Kirundi is spoken in Burundi, Africa.

Below are the days of the week, from Monday through Sunday:

kuwambwere
kuwakabiri
kuwagatatu
kuwakane
kuwagatanu
kuwagatandatu
kuwamungu

Below are the months of the year, from January through December:

ukwambwere
ukwakabiri
ukwagatatu
ukwakane
ukwagatanu
ukwagatandatu
ukwindwi
ukwumunani
ukwicenda
ukwicumi
ukwicuminarimwe
ukwicuminakabiri

novat nintunze <f0878873@wsuaix.csc.wsu.edu>


Farsi

Farsi is spoken in Iran.

Days of the week:

Saturday:  Shanbeh
Sunday:    Yek-Shanbeh
Monday:    Do-Shanbeh
Tuesday:   Seh-Shanbeh
Wednesday: Chahar-Shanbeh
Thursday:  Panj-Shanbeh
Friday:    Jome'eh

Months:

farvardin
ordibehesht
khordAd
tir
mordAd
shahrivar
mehr
AbAn
Azar
dey
bahman
esfand

*A is specially pronounced as in jar and car.

===================================================
  Mansour Esmaili
  Center For Computer Security Research
  University of Wollongong.
  Mail     : P.O. Box U61, Wollongong, NSW 2500, Australia.
  Buss. Tel: (042) 214316 ,Fax: (042) 214329
  Home. Tel & Fax: (042) 265770
  Email    : g9020985@cc.uow.edu.au
             mansour@cs.uow.edu.au


Bulgarian

Days of the week:

Monday  Ponedelnik
Tue     Vtornik
Wed     Sriada
Thu     Chetvartak
Fri     Petak
Sat     Sabota
Sun     Nedelia

Months of the year:

Jan Ianuari
Feb Fevruari
Mar Mart
Apr April
May May
Jun Iuni
Jul Iuli
Aug Avgust
Sep Septemvri
Oct Oktomvri
Nov Noemvri
Dec Dekemvri

(I am not sure how correct the phonetic spellings are, but any Bulgarian
would recognize them :))

Mihaela Bazalakova <MBAZALAKOVA@WELLESLEY.EDU>


Estonian

Days of the week:

Sunday         pu"hapa"ev
Monday         esmaspa"ev
Tuesday        teisipa"ev
Wednesday      kolmapa"ev or keskna"dal
Thursday       neljapa"ev
Friday         reede
Saturday       laupa"ev

Months of the year:

January        jaanuar
February       veebruar
March          ma"rts
April          aprill
May            mai
June           juuni
July           juuli
August         august
September      september
October        oktoober
November       november
December       detsember

--
Peter Onno, Corporate R & D, MS L3  | EMAIL:
po@technet.macom.com                |
M/A-COM, INC., 100 Chelmsford St.   | PHONE: (508) 656-2798
PO Box 3294, Lowell, MA 01853-3294  | FAX:   (508) 656-2777


Lithuanian

Days of the week:

Sunday    - sekmadienis
Monday    - pirmadienis
Tuesday   - antradienis
Wednesday - trechiadienis
Thursday  - ketvirtadienis
Friday    - penktadienis
Saturday  - sestadienis

Months of the year:

Jan - sausis
Feb - vasaris
Mar - kovas
Apr - balandis
May - geguzhe
Jun - birzhelis
Jul - liepa
Aug - rugpjutis
Sep - rugsejis
Oct - spalis
Nov - lapkritis
Dec - gruodis

[Verified from "Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English
Lithuanian" by Victoria Martsinkyavitshute (New York: Hippocrene, 1993)
and "Trumpas Anglu-Lietuviu ir Lietuviu-Anglu Kalbu Zondynas (Short
English-Lithuanian and English-Lithuanian Dictionary" by Sudare L.
Zabuliene (Vilnius: Valstybinis Nacionaliniu Tyrimu Centras [National
State Research Center], 1993).]

--
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
westfall@indirect.com - Daryl and Daniele Westfall - Glendale, Arizona- USA
    Telephone: +1 602 939-7288 (Voice/Voicemail) - Fax: +1 602 841-0422
---------------------------------------------------------------------------


Mongolian

   As we have three Mongolias (Inner Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic
and Buryat), the language varies from region to region.  For example, in
Inner Mongolia, it is largely influenced by Chinese, whereas in Buryat, by
Russian.  It is now generally conceded by the Mongols that Mongolian should
be standardized on the Mongolian People's Republic's usage, as follows:

Days of the week:

Monday:    Davaa garig (Neg deh udur)
Tuesday:   Myagmar garig (Hoyor dahi udur)
Wednesday: Lhagva garig (Gurav dahi udur)
Thursday:  Purev garig (Duruv dahi udur)
Friday:    Baasan garig (Tav dahi udur)
Saturday:  Byamba garig (Hagas sain udur)
Sunday:    Nyam garig (Buten sain udur)

Months of the year:

January:   Neg dugeer sar (First month)
February:  Hoyor dugaar sar (Second month and so on...)
March:     Gurav dugaar sar
April:     Duruv dugeer sar
May:       Tav dugaar sar
June:      Zurgaa dugaar sar
July:      Doloo dugaar sar
August:    Naim dugaar sar
September: Yus dugeer sar
October:   Arav dugaar sar
November:  Arvan neg dugeer sar
December:  Arvan hoyor dugeer sar

Words in parentheses represent colloqual/informal language.

Mingan Choct <mchoct@dhn.csiro.au>


Welsh

From the Welsh language, spoken in Wales (or "Cymru" in Cymraig):

Days of the week:

Sunday     dydd Sul, Saboth
Monday     dydd Llun
Tuesday    dydd Mawrth
Wednesday  dydd Mercher
Thursday   dydd Iau, Difiau (coll.)
Friday     dydd Gwener
Saturday   dydd Sadwrn

Months of the year:

January    Ionawr, Ionor
February   Chwefror, Mis Bach ("Small Month")
March      Mawrth    ("Mawrth" means both March and Tuesday)
April      Ebrill
May        Mai
June       Mehefin
July       Gorffennaf
August     Awst
September  Medi
October    Hydref
November   Tachwedd, Y Mis Du ("The Gloomy [Dark?] Month")
December   Rhagfyr

Welsh characters do not use accents or diacritical marks.
Welsh is a member (the only surviving member) of the "Brythonic" family of
Celtic languages, those languages originally spoken in Britain.

Reference

H. Meurig Evans and W. O. Thomas, _Y_Geiriadur_Mawr_: the Complete Welsh-
English/English-Welsh Dictionary, Gwasg Gomer, Llandysul, Dyfed, U.K., 1968

--
Michael McNeil memcneil@netcom.com


Chinese

   There are two series of terms for days of the week.  The libai series was
introduced by Western missionaries, and is widely used in speech;
libai means 'worship', so that libaitian 'Sunday' is literally
'worship day'.  The other series is the xingqi series, which has a more
secular and somewhat more formal sound.  Except for Sunday, the other days
are just called by their numbers yi for 'one', er for 'two', etc.:

Sunday     xingqiri
Monday     xingqiyi
Tuesday    xingqi'er
Wednesday  xingqisan
Thursday   xingqisi
Friday     xingqiwu
Saturday   xingqiliu

The months are also just numbered; first month, second month, etc:

January       yiyue
February      eryue
March         sanyue
April         siyue
May           wuyue
June          liuyue
July          qiyue
August        bayue
September     jiuyue
October       shiyue
November      shiyiyue
December      shi'eryue

   By the way, in Chinese, time expressions always go from the larger unit
to the smaller, in that order: year, month, day.  So, August 9, 1994 is
1994 nian bayue 9 ri, xingqi'er, i.e. '1994 year, August 9th day, Tuesday'.

   Since the Chinese system is based on numbers anyway, dates in numerical
form are usually fine, too.

--WHB (William.Baxter@um.cc.umich.edu)


Sanskrit

Sanskrit names for months:

      1. Chaitra
      2. Vaishaakha
      3. Jyeshtha
      4. Aashaadha
      5. Shraavana
      6. Bhaadrapada
      7. Aashvina
      8. Kaartika
      9. Maargashiirsha
     10. Pausha
     11. Maagha
     12. Phaalguna

   Remember that these are lunar months and do not correspond to the western
months.

The names for the days of the week are as follows:

     Sunday     Ravivaara
     Monday     Somavaara
     Tuesday    Mangalavaara
     Wednesday  Budhavaara
     Thursday   Guruvaara
     Friday     Shukravaara
     Saturday   Shanivaara

Madhav Deshpande (madhav.deshpande@um.cc.umich.edu)


Word Origins

     As an amateur astronomer and an English minor back in college, I developed
a great interest in supporting as many world languages as I could in EarthSun
after I received the German and Italian words from a helpful user.  I've known
for some time how the names of the days and months were intimately tied to the Sun,
Moon, and the planets of our Solar System, and thought I should share some of
it here.

     Latin is, of course, one of the world's oldest languages, and it has heavily
influenced many languages that came after it.  For instance, Sunday in English
is equivalent to the Latin Solis, or "Sun-Day".  Notice how Sol in Solis is
in the word Solar.  Other examples from Latin follow for the other days of the
week.  Lunae is the English Monday, or "Moon-Day"; Lunar no doubt derives
from this word.  Tuesday is Martis or "Mars-Day", Wednesday is Mercurii
for "Mercury-Day."

     The rest of the days of the week are also named after planets in Latin.
Thursday is Jovis for "Jupiter-Day" or Jovian in English.  Friday is
named after Venus, as shown by the name Veneris, and Saturday is named
for Saturn, as shown by Saturni.  Other languages, particularly Italian, use similar
names.  Be sure to try all the available languages that EarthSun has to offer and
compare one language with another, trying to see how they relate to one another.

     Even the word month itself has an interesting origin tied to astronomy.
In the past, lunar cycles were very important to fisherman so they could better
predict high and low tides.  Since the Moon completes one cycle of its phases once
every 28 days or so, this period became known as one "moonth".  Since that time long
ago, the word was shortened to become the English month of today.

     The month names, too, have an interesting history.  March is named after the
planet Mars in Latin (Martius), and July and August were named after Julius
Caesar and Augustus, respectively (Iulius and Augustus).  During Caesar's time,
the current 12-month calendar was created amid much debate and confusion.  New
months were inserted in the existing 10-month calendar, and evidence of that can
still be seen.  Notice the months of September, October, November and December.
These were originally the 7th, 8th, 9th and 10th months of the year.  Notice from
French the word for seven is sept, probably originally from Latin.  The
root oct stands for eight (remember the English word octagon, a shape with
eight sides), nov is for nine and dec represents ten (recall the English word
decimal).

     As you can see from this very brief look at the origins of the names for the
days-of-the-week and the months, it's interesting and educational to re-examine
some of the words that we all take for granted in our everyday lives, and realize
that most of them have existed for centuries and have been spoken throughout
modern history by literally billions of people.